moonbit-error-handling

name	moonbit-error-handling
description	Error handling conventions for MoonBit projects. Use when designing error types, choosing between abort/fail/raise, writing catch blocks, defining FFI boundaries, or reviewing error handling patterns. Triggers on: error handling, abort, fail, raise, catch, Result, error types, fallible functions, boundary safety, error recovery.

MoonBit error handling conventions

Reference for consistent, safe error handling across MoonBit projects. Grounded in MoonBit's error primitives and designed for long-running WASM/browser applications where crashes are especially costly.

MoonBit version note: Based on MoonBit's current raise/catch error handling model (verified in 2026). try? is deprecated; materialize an error as Result[T, E] with explicit Ok(expr) catch { error => Err(error) }. The suberror A B bare syntax is also deprecated; use suberror A { A(B) }. Verify against MoonBit error handling docs if syntax has changed.

Quick reference

Primitive	Catchable?	Includes location?	Use for
abort("msg")	No	No	Poisoned state, no safe recovery possible
fail("msg")	Yes	Yes (auto)	Defect detected before mutation or with rollback
raise MyError::V(...)	Yes	No (manual)	Expected failure callers handle programmatically
try { ... } catch { ... }	—	—	Catch and handle at boundaries
Ok(expr) catch { error => Err(error) }	—	—	Materialize a raised error as Result[T, E]
raise?	—	—	Error polymorphism for higher-order functions
noraise	—	—	Explicitly infallible (but does NOT prevent abort)

Decision framework

Error handling has two independent dimensions: control flow (how the error propagates) and fault class (what caused the error).

Control flow

abort ———— fail ———— raise ConcreteError ———— return (T, Diagnostics)
uncatchable  catchable   catchable+typed          always succeeds
             +location   +matchable               +warnings

Fault class

Fault class	Description	Default mechanism
Defect	Logic bug: unreachable branch, impossible state. Data is consistent but code shouldn't be here.	fail("msg")
Expected	Input validation, I/O, parsing, business logic	raise ConcreteError
Corruption	Data integrity loss: broken invariants, poisoned state, partial mutation without rollback	abort("msg")

The decision tree

Is the data structure / state already corrupt?
  (e.g., B-tree node with no children, invalid cursor, broken invariant)
  YES ──► abort("msg")  [pre-existing corruption — can't trust anything]

Has this operation already mutated shared state without rollback?
  (e.g., partially rebalanced tree, half-applied batch)
  YES ──► abort("msg")  [mutation without rollback = poison]

Is this a programmer bug (unreachable branch, impossible state)?
  YES ──► fail("msg")   [no corruption, safe to unwind to boundary]

Is the operation recoverable with degraded output?
  YES ──► return (T, Array[Diagnostic])

Otherwise:
  ──► raise ConcreteError::Variant(...)

Structural checks detect corruption. A guard that checks structural integrity (e.g., "node must have children") detects pre-existing corruption. It is separate from a precondition on caller input. Even if the guard fires before this function mutates anything, the data structure is already in a corrupt state. Classify the fault as corruption.

No safe recovery = abort. Even when the fault class is defect (not corruption), use abort if catching the error and continuing would cause subsequent operations to produce silently wrong results. Ask both "is the data corrupt now?" and "can the caller safely continue after this?"

Example: if a parser's start_at fails and the parser continues, the next finish_node closes the wrong ancestor, silently corrupting the tree. Crashing is better than producing a corrupt tree. When recovery corrupts later operations, abort is correct even for defects.

This rule takes precedence over the FFI-reachability prohibition (see FFI Safety below and the checklist's "unless corruption-risk" clause). The FFI-reachability rule forbids abort for ordinary defects where catching and continuing is safe; it does not forbid abort for the no-safe-recovery case. "corruption-risk" in the checklist means either pre-existing corruption or "recovery would corrupt subsequent operations" — both qualify. A WASM module crash is the correct outcome when the alternative is silent mis-structuring that the host cannot detect.

When to use each

abort("msg") — Almost never in application code.

// Corrupted data structure — continuing would silently produce wrong results
fn validate_invariant(self : BTree[T]) -> Unit {
  guard self.keys.length() + 1 == self.children.length() else {
    abort("BTree invariant violated: key/child count mismatch")
  }
}

fail("msg") — Defect in logic. The data structure is consistent, but the code reached a path that should be impossible.

// Unreachable match branch — if hit, it's a bug, but no state is corrupted
fn node_color(kind : NodeKind) -> String {
  match kind {
    Identifier => "#82aaff"
    Keyword => "#c792ea"
    Number => "#f78c6c"
    // If we add a new NodeKind variant and forget this match, fail() will
    // report the source location and unwind to the nearest boundary
    _ => fail("unhandled NodeKind in node_color")
  }
}

raise ConcreteError — Expected failures with recovery paths.

type! ParseError {
  InvalidSyntax(message~ : String, span~ : Span)
  UnexpectedEof(expected~ : String)
}

fn parse_expression(tokens : TokenStream) -> Expr raise ParseError {
  guard tokens.peek().is_some() else {
    raise ParseError::UnexpectedEof(expected="expression")
  }
  // ...
}

return (T, Diagnostics) — Degraded success with warnings.

// Parser error recovery: always produces a tree, reports problems separately
fn parse_cst(source : String) -> (CstNode, Array[Diagnostic]) raise LexError {
  // Fatal lexer errors still raise — the lexer can't recover from these.
  // But parse errors produce Error nodes in the tree + diagnostics.
  // ...
}

The returned T is a complete, usable value. For tree-shaped data, Error nodes are embedded at fault sites so downstream traversal continues working. For flat data (e.g., a JSON Value), use a reasonable fallback such as "last value wins" on duplicate keys. Callers should be able to ignore the diagnostics and still process the value. Failure modes without a usable fallback belong in the raise channel.

Error type design

Granularity: group by catch site

Choose error type granularity by who catches the error and what decisions they make. Package structure is secondary.

• Errors that callers typically catch together should share a type
• Errors that callers handle independently should have separate types

This matters because of a MoonBit-specific constraint: when a try block raises multiple error types, the compiler widens to Error and exhaustiveness checking is lost. Separate types harm callers who handle them in the same try block. Conversely, one giant enum forces callers to write match arms for variants that can never occur in their context.

How to decide: Look at the boundary where errors are caught. If the catch site distinguishes between failure modes, those modes need separate types. If it handles them uniformly, they can share a type.

// Good: editor's FFI boundary catches serialization, editing, and sync
// errors at different points with different recovery strategies
type! EphemeralError { /* serialization — retry with fresh state */ }
type! TreeEditError { /* structural edit — show error, discard operation */ }
type! ProtocolError { /* sync — disconnect and reconnect */ }

// Bad: one catch-all — callers must match variants that can't occur
type! EditorError { Ephemeral(...), TreeEdit(...), Protocol(...) }

// Bad: one per function — callers in a try block lose exhaustiveness
type! InsertError { ... }
type! DeleteError { ... }
type! MoveError { ... }

When a package has no expected failures (all errors are defects or corruption), it needs no error types at all. Use fail for defects and abort for corruption. Don't create error types for bugs — they're not part of the API contract.

Variant design: semantic, with context

Name variants for the semantic failure. Include enough context for the caller to act on, and avoid dependency-leaking names unless the dependency is the semantic contract.

// Good: semantic variants with context
type! TextError {
  InvalidPosition(pos~ : Int, len~ : Int)
  SyncFailed(detail~ : String)
  VersionNotFound
}

// Bad: mechanical wrappers that leak dependencies
type! TextError {
  FromOplog(OpLogError)
  FromFugue(FugueError)
}

Exception: When the dependency IS the semantic contract (thin facades, re-export packages), direct propagation is correct. See Boundary Rules below.

Pitfall: same syntax, different semantics. When multiple code paths share the same syntactic pattern (e.g., stack.last() → None), assign variants by cause. Trace why the condition fires in each context. Example: after a FinishNode, stack.last() → None means an unbalanced FinishNode consumed the root frame. After a Token, the same pattern means the token has no parent because prior FinishNodes emptied the stack. Use different error variants (UnbalancedFinish vs OrphanedEvent) despite identical syntax.

Error Hierarchies (suberror)

Use suberror only when one subsystem's errors are a genuine subset of another's. Do not create hierarchies for organizational purposes.

// Good: CausalGraphError is genuinely a subset of OpLogError
type! CausalGraphError { ... }
suberror OpLogError { CausalGraph(CausalGraphError) }

// Bad: hierarchy for organization
suberror AppError { Editor(EditorError), Parser(ParserError) }

Failure vs custom error types

Failure (via fail()) is for defect detection only. If the condition can be triggered by:

• Caller input
• Configuration
• Network data
• Disk contents
• Version skew

...then classify it as an expected failure and use raise ConcreteError.

Function signatures

Situation	Signature	Rationale
Public library API	fn foo() -> T raise MyError	Callers match on variants. Exhaustiveness checked.
Thin facade / re-export	fn foo() -> T raise DependencyError	Dependency is the semantic contract. Direct propagation.
Internal orchestration	fn foo() -> T raise	Caller will only log or propagate. Error taxonomy is not part of the contract. Use sparingly — once widened to Error, matchability is lost.
Higher-order forwarding	fn map(f : (A) -> B raise?) -> Array[B] raise?	Preserves caller's error type via polymorphism.
Definitely infallible	fn foo() -> T noraise	Explicit guarantee. Caveat: noraise does NOT prevent abort. A noraise function can still crash.
Defect guard	fail("reason")	Source location included. Only for impossible states.

Boundary rules

Where to catch

Errors should propagate upward until they reach a quarantine boundary — a point where the application can discard suspect state and restore trust.

Boundary type	Catch strategy	Post-catch action
FFI entrypoint (MoonBit to JS)	Catch all: catch { e => ... }	Convert to structured error envelope (not bare strings). Log. Return error to host.
Event dispatch (user action)	Catch all	Log, show error to user, discard the failed operation.
Network message handler	Catch all	Log, reject the message, continue processing others.
Inside library/core	Catch specific types only	Handle the expected case. Rethrow unknown errors.

Catch-block discipline

Inside core/library code — explicit cases plus rethrow:

// Good: handle known cases, rethrow unknown
fn process(data : Data) -> Result raise ProcessError {
  try {
    step_one(data)  // may raise StepOneError
    step_two(data)  // may raise StepTwoError
  } catch {
    StepOneError::Retry(info) => handle_retry(info)
    e => raise e  // rethrow everything else, including Failure
  }
}

At boundaries — catch all, but treat Failure as defect:

// Good: FFI boundary catches everything, distinguishes defects
pub fn ffi_handle_action(handle : Int, action_json : String) -> String {
  try {
    let editor = get_editor(handle)
    editor.apply_action(action_json)
    "ok"
  } catch {
    TreeEditError(e) => to_error_json("edit_error", e.to_string())
    ProtocolError(e) => to_error_json("protocol_error", e.to_string())
    Failure(msg) => {
      log_defect(msg)  // This is a bug — report it
      to_error_json("internal_error", msg)
    }
    e => {
      log_defect(e.to_string())
      to_error_json("unknown_error", e.to_string())
    }
  }
}

Banned patterns (except at documented boundary adapters):

// BANNED: silently swallows all errors including defects
catch { _ => () }

// BANNED: hides failures behind a default value
catch { _ => default_value }

// ALLOWED (at boundaries only, with logging):
catch {
  KnownError(e) => handle(e)
  e => { log_defect(e.to_string()); fallback }
}

FFI safety: abort bypasses catch

abort is outside the raise/catch channel. An outer catch block does NOT protect against abort. This means:

Every code path reachable from an FFI export must be audited for abort calls. If an FFI-exported function can reach an abort, the WASM module will crash regardless of any catch block.

When reviewing FFI boundary code, trace all reachable functions and verify they use fail (catchable) instead of abort for non-corruption failures.

Exception — the "no safe recovery" carve-out. The audit's goal is to eliminate abort from FFI-reachable paths when catching and continuing is safe. It is not to eliminate abort universally. When continuing after a caught error would corrupt subsequent operations (see "No safe recovery = abort" in Decision Framework above), the abort is the correct outcome and the audit result is "intentionally retained." Document the rationale inline. Classic example: a CST/AST builder with stack-shaped state — an unbalanced finish_node means future calls will close unintended ancestors, so crashing the WASM module is preferable to silent tree corruption.

Mutation safety

Any function that mutates shared state and can raise must satisfy one of:

1. Atomic — mutation is all-or-nothing (e.g., swap a single reference)
2. Rollback-safe — mutations are undone on error (e.g., transactional batch)
3. Documented partial effects — the function's doc comment states what state may be left modified on error

If a function mutates shared state, raises an error mid-mutation, and a boundary catches and continues — the state may be inconsistent. This is the primary reason fail for defects is only safe when detected before observable mutation or inside a rollback scope.

// Good: atomic — either the whole batch applies or none of it does
fn apply_batch(ops : Array[Op]) -> Unit raise BatchError {
  let snapshot = self.state.snapshot()
  for op in ops {
    self.apply_one(op) catch {
      e => {
        self.state.restore(snapshot)
        raise BatchError::PartialFailure(applied=i, cause=e.to_string())
      }
    }
  }
}

// Dangerous: mutates state, then fails, leaving partial mutation
fn dangerous_update(self : Editor) -> Unit {
  self.tree.insert(node)      // mutation happens
  let result = validate(node)  // this might fail()
  self.index.update(node)      // never reached if validate fails
  // tree is mutated but index is stale — inconsistent state
}

Diagnostic pattern

For operations that succeed with warnings (parser error recovery, linting, deprecation notices), return a structured diagnostic alongside the result.

Minimum diagnostic structure

Array[String] is insufficient except for prototyping. A proper diagnostic includes:

pub(all) enum Severity {
  Error
  Warning
  Info
}

pub(all) struct Diagnostic {
  severity : Severity
  message : String
  span : (Int, Int)  // start, end byte offsets
}

The specific type is project-defined, but the convention requires at least severity and message. Span/location is strongly recommended.

Diagnostics vs errors

Diagnostics and errors are orthogonal concerns:

// A function can BOTH raise fatal errors AND return diagnostics for non-fatal ones
fn parse_cst(source : String) -> (CstNode, Array[Diagnostic]) raise LexError {
  // LexError = fatal, can't continue (Layer: expected failure, raise)
  // Diagnostic = non-fatal, parser recovered (Layer: degraded success)
}

Testing error behavior

Testing raise (expected failures)

Use an explicit catch to materialize the raised error as Result, then assert:

test "div by zero raises DivError" {
  let result : Result[Int, DivError] = Ok(div(10, 0)) catch {
    error => Err(error)
  }
  match result {
    Err(DivError(message)) => assert_eq(message, "division by zero")
    Ok(_) => fail("expected division to fail")
  }
}

Testing fail (defects)

Use panic tests (test name starts with "panic "):

test "panic unreachable branch triggers fail" {
  // The test runner expects this to abort/fail
  node_color(UnknownKind)
}

Testing diagnostics

Assert on the returned diagnostic array:

test "malformed input produces diagnostics" {
  let (tree, diagnostics) = parse_cst("{\"a\": }")
  assert_true(diagnostics.length() > 0)
  assert_true(tree.is_valid())  // tree is still usable
}

Anti-patterns

Pattern	Problem	Fix
catch { _ => abort("...") }	Converts catchable error to uncatchable crash	Propagate with raise or use fail
catch { _ => () } in library code	Silently swallows defects and expected errors	Handle specific types, rethrow unknown
fail("invalid input: ...") for user input	fail is for defects, not validation	raise ConcreteError::InvalidInput(...)
try? expr	Deprecated error-to-Result shorthand	Use Ok(expr) catch { error => Err(error) }
raise in untyped Error for public APIs	Callers lose exhaustiveness checking	Use concrete raise MyError
abort in code reachable from FFI	Crashes WASM module, bypasses catch	Audit and convert to fail or raise
noraise on function that calls abort	Misleading — noraise only covers raise, not abort	Document abort paths or eliminate them
Giant umbrella error enum	One type with 20 variants spanning unrelated catch sites	Split by catch-site — errors caught together share a type

Boundary wrapping vs direct propagation

When package A calls package B which raises BError:

Relationship	Strategy	Example
A is a thin facade over B	Propagate BError directly	parse_to_proj_node propagating LexError
B is part of A's semantic contract	Propagate directly	SyncEditor exposing TextError
B is an implementation detail	Wrap with semantic variants	EditorError::SyncFailed(detail~) not EditorError::FromEgw(TextError)
B is replaceable	Wrap — A's API must be independent of B	Translate to A's own error vocabulary

Audit process

The process below is written for auditing existing abort calls. The same four steps apply when designing new fallible APIs. In step 4, substitute "for each new raise / fail / abort site" for "for each abort site"; the other steps carry over unchanged.

When auditing abort calls for conversion to fail/raise:

1. Read the package's design docs first. Check docs/design.md, docs/api/, README. The package may have its own error handling philosophy that prescribes the answer. Don't classify aborts using only the decision tree — the design docs provide context the tree can't.

2. Find ALL callers of functions whose signatures will change. Use moon ide find-references or grep the entire module — not just the file you expect callers in. A missed caller means an unhandled error path that still crashes. Pay special attention to: benchmarks, test helpers, and alternate code paths (e.g., block reparse vs normal parse).

3. Trace error variants through concrete scenarios. After writing the error type and mapping table, pick one concrete input per variant. Then trace execution step by step and verify each variant name matches the state when it fires. Same syntactic pattern (e.g., stack.last() → None) can mean different things in different code paths, so avoid mechanical mapping.

4. Ask "what happens if the caller continues?" For each abort site, check whether catching the error and continuing would make later operations produce silently wrong results. If yes, keep the abort.

Checklist

When reviewing error handling in MoonBit code:

• FFI-reachable code avoids abort except for corruption-risk cases
• fail used only for defect detection, never for input validation
• No catch { _ => () } or catch { _ => default } in library code
• Catch blocks in library code rethrow unknown errors (e => raise e)
• Public APIs use concrete error types (raise MyError) instead of bare raise
• Functions that mutate shared state and can raise are atomic or rollback-safe
• Diagnostics use structured types instead of Array[String] (except prototyping)
• noraise functions audited for abort paths
• Error variants are semantic (describe what went wrong) with context fields
• Error variants traced through concrete scenarios (same syntax ≠ same variant)
• Abort sites checked for "no safe recovery" (continuing produces silent corruption)