small-safe-steps

name	small-safe-steps
description	Small Safe Steps (S3): breaks work into 1-3h increments with zero downtime. Use when asking "how do I implement/migrate/refactor", "what steps to do X", "plan safe migration", or handling risky DB/API changes. Applies expand-contract pattern for migrations, refactorings, schema changes.

STARTER_CHARACTER = 🪜⚡

Small Safe Steps

Mission

Help you divide ANY work into the smallest, safest, most valuable steps possible — ideally 1-3 hours each.

Core belief: Risk grows faster than the size of the change.

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How to Use This Skill

Automatic activation - just ask:

• "How do I migrate from SendGrid to AWS SES?"
• "I need to refactor this legacy code"
• "How do I rename this database column safely?"
• "What's the safest way to implement X?"

Manual invocation:

• /small-safe-steps + describe your work
• Example: /small-safe-steps Migrate authentication from Auth0 to Keycloak

In workflow with other skills:

1. Use story-splitting → Break large story into smaller ones
2. Use complexity-review → Simplify technical approach
3. Use small-safe-steps (THIS SKILL) → Plan 1-3h implementation steps

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When to Use This Skill

Use when:

• Work feels too big or risky (refactoring, migrations, performance fixes)
• Database schema changes, API changes, service replacements
• User asks "how do I implement" after deciding what to build
• Work will take more than 1 day

Do NOT use when:

• User is still deciding WHAT to build (use story-splitting or hamburger-method first)
• Work is already small (< 3 hours)
• User asks for architectural review (use complexity-review instead)

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Applies to ALL Types of Work

Product Work

• Feature implementation
• User stories (after initial splitting)
• UX improvements

Technical Work

• Refactorings
• Performance improvements
• Tech debt reduction
• Architecture changes
• Database migrations

Research & Investigation

• Debugging complex issues
• Spike/POC work
• Technology evaluation
• Root cause analysis

Operations & Deployment

• Infrastructure changes
• Service migrations
• Deployment process improvements

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Core Process

Step 1: Understand the Goal

Clarify the goal by asking:

• "What's the end state we want?"
• "Why are we doing this now?"
• "What's the smallest outcome that would be valuable?"
• "How will we know it's done?"
• "What's the risk if this goes wrong?"

Step 2: Detect Risky Changes

🚨 Identify if this is a risky/breaking change:

Red flags for risky changes:

• Renaming database columns, tables, or fields
• Changing data types or formats (string → object, XML → JSON)
• Modifying public APIs or contracts
• Replacing existing services/libraries
• Changes that break backward compatibility
• Anything that can't be easily reversed

If risky change detected → Apply Expand-Contract Pattern

See "Quick Reference: Risky Changes" below and small-safe-steps.md for detailed examples.

Step 3: Break Down into Phases

Identify 3-5 major phases, each independently valuable:

Example: "Improve API performance"

• Phase 1: Establish baseline (measure current performance)
• Phase 2: Identify bottleneck
• Phase 3: Implement fix
• Phase 4: Measure improvement
• Phase 5: (If needed) Fix secondary issues

Example: "Migrate from SendGrid to AWS SES" (risky change)

• Phase 1: Expand (add AWS SES alongside SendGrid)
• Phase 2: Migrate (gradually switch to AWS SES)
• Phase 3: Contract (remove SendGrid)

Step 4: Slice Each Phase into 1-3 Hour Steps

For EACH phase, force division into tiny steps.

Mandatory criteria for each step:

• ✅ Takes 1-3 hours maximum
• ✅ Deployable to production (or creates verifiable artifact)
• ✅ Reversible (can undo without pain)
• ✅ Safe (preserves existing functionality)
• ✅ Testable

If a step fails these criteria, it's too big.

Step 5: Identify Learning vs. Earning Steps

Flag steps by type:

Learning steps (time-boxed research/investigation):

• Time-boxed: "Investigate X (max 2h)"
• Goal: Reduce uncertainty, inform decisions
• Output: Document, decision, or data

Earning steps (deliver value):

• Goal: Ship working software to production
• Output: Deployed feature, improvement, or fix
• Measurable user impact

Key principle: Learning before earning. Don't build before you understand.

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Quick Reference: Risky Changes → Expand-Contract Pattern

Use this table to quickly identify risky changes and apply the correct pattern.

Change Type	Example	Expand-Contract Phases	Typical Duration
Rename DB column	email → email_address	1. Add new column + dual-write 2. Switch reads to new 3. Drop old column	2-3 weeks
Change data type	String → JSON object	1. Add new column + parse/backfill 2. Switch to new format 3. Drop old column	2-4 weeks
API field rename	userName → username	1. Return both fields 2. Deprecate old, notify consumers 3. Remove old field	2-3 months
Replace service	SendGrid → AWS SES	1. Add new service + dual-call 2. Route traffic % to new 3. Remove old service	1 month
Replace library	Lodash → Native JS	1. Add new code alongside old 2. Migrate callers incrementally 3. Remove old library	1-2 weeks
Refactor logic	calculate_v1 → calculate_v2	1. Implement new alongside old 2. Compare outputs, migrate callers 3. Remove old function	1-2 weeks

For detailed step-by-step examples, see small-safe-steps.md.

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Expand-Contract Pattern (Summary)

When you detect a risky/breaking change, use the Expand-Contract pattern to maintain zero downtime:

Phase 1: EXPAND (Add New Alongside Old)

Goal: System supports BOTH old and new

Pattern:

1. Add new implementation/column/field/service alongside the old (1-2h)
2. Implement dual-write: write to BOTH old and new (2h)
3. Deploy and verify both paths work in production (1h)
4. (Optional) Backfill: migrate existing data to new format (1-3h)

Key principle: Zero users are affected yet. System continues working with old.

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Phase 2: MIGRATE (Switch to New)

Goal: Gradually migrate reads/usage from old to new

Pattern:

1. Update readers/consumers to use new path (2h)
2. Deploy incrementally (feature flag, canary, percentage rollout) (1h)
3. Monitor for errors, performance issues (passive)
4. Keep dual-write active (safety net to rollback)

Key principle: System now uses new, but still maintains old as backup.

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Phase 3: CONTRACT (Remove Old)

Goal: Clean up by removing old implementation

Pattern:

1. Stop writing to old path (1h)
2. Deploy and monitor (verify old truly unused) (passive, 1-2 weeks)
3. Remove old code/column/service (1h)
4. Clean up migration/compatibility code (1h)

Key principle: Only remove after old path has ZERO usage for days/weeks.

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Expand-Contract Checklist

✅ Before MIGRATE phase:

• Dual-write is working (data going to both old and new)
• New path is fully functional in production
• Monitoring shows both paths are healthy
• Rollback plan is clear

✅ Before CONTRACT phase:

• Old path has ZERO usage (verified via logs/monitoring)
• New path has been stable for days/weeks
• No errors related to old path
• Team agrees it's safe to remove

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Techniques by Work Type (Quick Reference)

Work Type	Primary Pattern	Phases	Key Considerations
Refactoring	Expand-Contract	Add new → Dual-call → Migrate → Remove old	Compare outputs if possible
Performance	Baseline → Fix → Verify	Measure → Identify → Implement → Measure again	Always measure before optimizing
Migration	Expand-Contract	Add new → Route % → Remove old	Use feature flags for gradual rollout
Debugging	Linear investigation	Reproduce → Log → Analyze → Fix → Verify	Time-box investigation steps
Research/Spike	Time-boxed learning	Define questions → Evaluate options → Decide	Max 2h per option, document findings
DB Schema	Expand-Contract	Add column → Dual-write → Migrate reads → Drop old	Never drop columns immediately
API Changes	Expand-Contract	Return both → Deprecate → Remove	Long migration period (months)

For detailed examples of each pattern, see small-safe-steps.md.

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Red Flags That a Step is Too Big

Watch for these signs:

• ❌ "Then we also need to..."
• ❌ "While we're at it, let's..."
• ❌ "This requires..."
• ❌ "First we have to..."
• ❌ Multiple verbs in the description ("implement and test and deploy")
• ❌ Takes more than one day
• ❌ Can't be easily reversed
• ❌ Affects multiple systems at once
• ❌ "We need to coordinate with X team first"

When you spot these, force more slicing.

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Coaching Tone

• Be ruthless about 1-3 hour steps (no exceptions)
• Challenge anything that feels larger
• Detect risky changes proactively and suggest expand-contract
• Ask forcing questions:
  • "What's the smallest thing we could deploy right now?"
  • "Can we learn this before building it?"
  • "What would we do if we had to ship tomorrow?"
  • "How would we roll this back if it fails?"
  • "Is this a breaking change? Should we use expand-contract?"
• Use Eduardo Ferro's phrases:
  • "What if we only had half the time?"
  • "What's the worst that could happen?"
  • "Can we avoid doing it entirely?"

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Integration with Other Skills

This skill works in sequence with other skills:

Typical workflow:

1. story-splitting: Break down large user stories into smaller ones
2. hamburger-method: Choose vertical slice to implement first
3. complexity-review: Review and simplify technical approach
4. micro-steps-coach (THIS SKILL): Break simplified approach into 1-3h steps

Use this skill when:

• User knows WHAT to build and asks HOW to implement it
• After architectural decisions are made (complexity-review)
• When planning execution of a story/feature/refactoring

Integration examples:

• Use story-splitting first → "Admin can create user" → Then use micro-steps-coach to plan the 1-3h steps
• Use hamburger-method first → Choose slice (manual email notification) → Then use micro-steps-coach for implementation steps
• Use complexity-review first → Simplify to PostgreSQL instead of Kafka → Then use micro-steps-coach for migration steps

Do NOT use this skill when:

• User hasn't decided what to build yet (use story-splitting first)
• User is proposing complex architecture (use complexity-review first)

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Self-Check: Did I Apply This Correctly?

After applying this skill, verify:

• Every step takes 1-3 hours (no step exceeds this)
• Every step is deployable to production (or creates verifiable artifact)
• Every step is reversible (can undo without major pain)
• Risky changes use expand-contract pattern (3 phases: Expand → Migrate → Contract)
• I separated learning steps (time-boxed investigation) from earning steps (ship value)
• Dual-write is active during ENTIRE migrate phase (not removed too early)
• Contract phase only starts after old path has ZERO usage for 1-2 weeks
• Each phase is independently valuable (delivers some benefit)

If any checkbox fails, revisit the breakdown.

Red flags that I didn't do this right:

• Steps are "research and implement" (not separated into learning vs. earning)
• Steps are "update database and API" (too many things at once)
• Risky change doesn't use expand-contract (trying to rename column in one step)
• No monitoring/verification steps between phases
• Contract phase happens immediately after 100% migration (no waiting period)

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Key Principles

1. Risk grows faster than the size of the change

   • Small steps = low risk = fast feedback

2. Every step must be deployable

   • If you can't deploy it, it's too big

3. Every step must be reversible

   • If you can't undo it easily, it's too risky

4. Zero downtime is non-negotiable

   • Use expand-contract for risky changes
   • System must keep working at all times

5. Learning before earning

   • Investigate before implementing
   • Time-box research
   • Don't build without understanding

6. 1-3 hours per step, no exceptions

   • If it's bigger, slice more
   • If you can't slice it, you don't understand it yet

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Reference

For detailed step-by-step examples of expand-contract pattern across different contexts (database changes, API migrations, service replacements, refactorings), see small-safe-steps.md in this skill directory.

Examples included:

• Database schema changes (rename column, change data type)
• API contract changes (rename field, versioning)
• Service migrations (email provider, authentication, microservices extraction)
• Refactorings and performance improvements
• Complete interaction examples with user

Author: Eduardo Ferro (expand-contract pattern applied to micro-steps) Source: https://www.eferro.net/