accessibility-reviewer-assessments

name	accessibility-reviewer-assessments
description	Reviews educational assessment interfaces for WCAG 2.2 Level AA compliance and assessment-specific accessibility needs. Use when implementing new interactions, reviewing UI changes, or conducting accessibility audits of test-taking interfaces.
allowed-tools	Read, Glob, Grep, Bash
model	claude-sonnet-4-20250514

Accessibility Reviewer for Assessments

This skill helps review educational assessment interfaces for accessibility compliance, with special focus on test-taking contexts, K-12 learners, and standardized testing requirements.

When to Use This Skill

Invoke this skill when:

• Implementing new interaction types or question formats
• Reviewing changes to assessment player UI
• Conducting accessibility audits of test-taking interfaces
• Ensuring WCAG 2.2 Level AA compliance
• Reviewing math content (MathML, LaTeX) accessibility
• Evaluating keyboard navigation for test scenarios
• Checking screen reader compatibility
• Reviewing for K-12 accessibility needs (younger learners, diverse abilities)

Assessment-Specific Accessibility Considerations

Educational assessments have unique accessibility requirements beyond standard web content:

Test-Taking Context

• Timed assessments: Screen reader users need extra time, clear time announcements
• High-stakes environment: Errors must not cause anxiety; clear error recovery
• Focus preservation: Navigation between items must maintain user context
• Progress indication: Clear communication of position in assessment
• Submit workflows: Confirmation dialogs must be accessible and clear

K-12 Learners

• Younger students: Simpler language, larger touch targets, forgiving interactions
• Cognitive load: Minimize distractions, clear instructions, consistent patterns
• Reading levels: Support for text-to-speech, simplified language options
• Motor skills: Larger interaction areas, forgiving drag-and-drop, keyboard alternatives

Interaction Types

• Drag-and-drop: Must have keyboard alternatives (arrow keys, Enter/Space to pick/drop)
• Drawing/hotspot: Alternative input methods for motor impairments
• Math input: Accessible equation editors, LaTeX/MathML screen reader support
• Multimedia: Captions, transcripts, audio descriptions where needed

WCAG 2.2 Level AA Review Checklist

1. Perceivable

1.1 Text Alternatives (Level A)

• 1.1.1: All images have appropriate alt text or are marked as decorative
• Assessment context: Question images have descriptive alt text that doesn't give away answers
• Math content: MathML includes text alternatives or uses aria-label
• Diagrams: Complex diagrams have detailed descriptions (aria-describedby or longdesc)

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Missing alt text on question image -->
<img src="diagram.png" />

<!-- ❌ Alt text gives away answer -->
<img src="triangle.png" alt="equilateral triangle" />

<!-- ✅ Descriptive without revealing answer -->
<img src="triangle.png" alt="A triangle with three sides and three angles" />

<!-- ✅ Decorative image properly marked -->
<img src="decorative-border.png" alt="" role="presentation" />

1.2 Time-based Media (Level A)

• 1.2.1: Audio-only and video-only have alternatives (transcripts)
• 1.2.2: Videos have captions
• 1.2.3: Audio descriptions or media alternatives provided
• Assessment context: Listening comprehension questions properly marked (accessibility features may be disabled)

1.3 Adaptable (Level A)

• 1.3.1: Info/structure/relationships conveyed programmatically
• 1.3.2: Reading sequence is logical and meaningful
• 1.3.3: Instructions don't rely solely on sensory characteristics (shape, size, position, sound)
• 1.3.4 (Level AA): Orientation not locked (works in portrait/landscape)
• 1.3.5 (Level AA): Form inputs have programmatic purpose (autocomplete attributes)

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Relies on visual position -->
<p>Select the answer in the top-right box</p>

<!-- ✅ Position-independent instructions -->
<p>Select the answer labeled "B"</p>

<!-- ❌ Structure not programmatic -->
<div class="heading">Question 1</div>

<!-- ✅ Semantic structure -->
<h2>Question 1</h2>

<!-- ❌ Instructions rely on color -->
<p>Click the green button to continue</p>

<!-- ✅ Color-independent -->
<p>Click the "Continue" button (highlighted in green) to proceed</p>

1.4 Distinguishable (Level A/AA)

• 1.4.1: Color not used as only visual means of conveying information
• 1.4.2: Audio control (pause, stop, volume) if audio plays automatically
• 1.4.3 (Level AA): Contrast ratio minimum 4.5:1 (text), 3:1 (large text)
• 1.4.4 (Level AA): Text can be resized to 200% without loss of content/functionality
• 1.4.5 (Level AA): Images of text avoided (use real text)
• 1.4.10 (Level AA): Content reflows to 320px width without horizontal scrolling
• 1.4.11 (Level AA): Non-text contrast 3:1 (UI components, graphics)
• 1.4.12 (Level AA): Text spacing can be adjusted without loss of content
• 1.4.13 (Level AA): Content on hover/focus is dismissible, hoverable, persistent

Example Issues to Catch:

/* ❌ Insufficient contrast: 2.8:1 */
.choice-option {
  color: #999; /* gray */
  background: #fff; /* white */
}

/* ✅ Sufficient contrast: 4.6:1 */
.choice-option {
  color: #595959; /* darker gray */
  background: #fff;
}

/* ❌ Touch target too small: 30×30px */
.drag-handle {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
}

/* ✅ WCAG 2.2 minimum: 44×44px */
.drag-handle {
  width: 44px;
  height: 44px;
}

2. Operable

2.1 Keyboard Accessible (Level A)

• 2.1.1: All functionality available via keyboard
• 2.1.2: No keyboard trap (can navigate away from all components)
• 2.1.4 (Level A): Character key shortcuts can be turned off or remapped

Assessment-specific keyboard patterns:

• Tab/Shift+Tab: Navigate between questions, choices, and controls
• Arrow keys: Navigate within choice lists, drag-and-drop zones
• Space/Enter: Select choices, activate buttons
• Space: Pick up/drop items in drag-and-drop interactions
• Escape: Cancel operations, close dialogs
• Home/End: Jump to first/last item in lists

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Click handler without keyboard support -->
<div on:click={selectChoice}>Choice A</div>

<!-- ✅ Keyboard accessible -->
<button on:click={selectChoice}>Choice A</button>

<!-- ✅ Custom keyboard support for drag-and-drop -->
<div
  role="button"
  tabindex="0"
  on:keydown={(e) => {
    if (e.key === ' ' || e.key === 'Enter') {
      toggleGrab();
    }
  }}
>
  Draggable item
</div>

2.2 Enough Time (Level A)

• 2.2.1: Time limits can be turned off, adjusted, or extended (at least 10x)
• 2.2.2: Moving/blinking/scrolling content can be paused/stopped/hidden
• Assessment context: Screen reader users may need extended time for timed assessments

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Hard time limit without extension -->
<Timer duration={60} onExpire={submitAssessment} />

<!-- ✅ Configurable time with extensions -->
<Timer
  duration={timeLimit}
  allowExtensions={true}
  extensionMultiplier={1.5}
  maxExtensions={2}
  onExpire={handleTimeUp}
/>

2.3 Seizures and Physical Reactions (Level A)

• 2.3.1: No content flashes more than 3 times per second
• Assessment context: Animations in feedback should be subtle

2.4 Navigable (Level A/AA)

• 2.4.1 (Level A): Bypass blocks (skip links to main content)
• 2.4.2 (Level A): Pages have descriptive titles
• 2.4.3 (Level A): Focus order is logical and intuitive
• 2.4.4 (Level A): Link purpose clear from link text or context
• 2.4.5 (Level AA): Multiple ways to access content (not always applicable to assessments)
• 2.4.6 (Level AA): Headings and labels are descriptive
• 2.4.7 (Level AA): Focus indicator is visible (2px minimum, 3:1 contrast)
• 2.4.11 (Level AA, New in 2.2): Focus not obscured by other content
• 2.4.13 (Level AA, New in 2.2): Focus appearance has minimum 2px perimeter, 3:1 contrast

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Missing skip link -->
<nav><!-- Navigation --></nav>
<main><!-- Assessment content --></main>

<!-- ✅ Skip link present -->
<a href="#main-content" class="skip-link">Skip to assessment</a>
<nav><!-- Navigation --></nav>
<main id="main-content"><!-- Assessment content --></main>

<!-- ❌ Focus indicator removed -->
<style>
  button:focus { outline: none; }
</style>

<!-- ✅ Clear focus indicator -->
<style>
  button:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px solid #0066cc;
    outline-offset: 2px;
  }
</style>

2.5 Input Modalities (Level A/AA)

• 2.5.1 (Level A): Pointer gestures have keyboard/single-pointer alternatives
• 2.5.2 (Level A): Touch targets at least 44×44 CSS pixels (with exceptions)
• 2.5.3 (Level A): Labels match accessible names
• 2.5.4 (Level A): Motion actuation can be disabled
• 2.5.7 (Level AA, New in 2.2): Dragging movements have single-pointer alternative
• 2.5.8 (Level AA, New in 2.2): Target size minimum 24×24 CSS pixels

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Touch target too small: 20×20px -->
<button style="width: 20px; height: 20px;">×</button>

<!-- ✅ WCAG 2.2 compliant: 44×44px -->
<button style="width: 44px; height: 44px;" aria-label="Close">×</button>

<!-- ❌ Drag-only interaction -->
<div draggable="true" on:drag={handleDrag}>
  Drag to reorder
</div>

<!-- ✅ Keyboard alternative provided -->
<div
  draggable="true"
  role="button"
  tabindex="0"
  on:drag={handleDrag}
  on:keydown={handleKeyboardReorder}
>
  Drag to reorder or use arrow keys
</div>

3. Understandable

3.1 Readable (Level A/AA)

• 3.1.1: Language of page specified (lang attribute)
• 3.1.2 (Level AA): Language changes marked (lang attribute on elements)
• Assessment context: Math notation may need language markup

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Missing language attribute -->
<html>

<!-- ✅ Language specified -->
<html lang="en">

<!-- ❌ Foreign language not marked -->
<p>The French phrase "bonjour" means hello.</p>

<!-- ✅ Language change marked -->
<p>The French phrase <span lang="fr">bonjour</span> means hello.</p>

3.2 Predictable (Level A/AA)

• 3.2.1: Focus doesn't trigger unexpected context changes
• 3.2.2: Input doesn't trigger unexpected context changes
• 3.2.3 (Level AA): Navigation is consistent across pages/items
• 3.2.4 (Level AA): Components are identified consistently
• 3.2.6 (Level A, New in 2.2): Help is consistent across pages

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Focus triggers navigation -->
<button on:focus={goToNextQuestion}>Next</button>

<!-- ✅ Explicit action required -->
<button on:click={goToNextQuestion}>Next</button>

<!-- ❌ Inconsistent button labels -->
<!-- On item 1: --><button>Continue</button>
<!-- On item 2: --><button>Next</button>
<!-- On item 3: --><button>Proceed</button>

<!-- ✅ Consistent labeling -->
<button>Next Question</button>

3.3 Input Assistance (Level A/AA)

• 3.3.1: Error messages identify errors clearly
• 3.3.2: Labels or instructions provided for user input
• 3.3.3 (Level AA): Error suggestions provided when possible
• 3.3.4 (Level AA): Error prevention for legal/financial/data modifications (confirmation/undo)
• 3.3.7 (Level A, New in 2.2): Redundant entry not required (unless necessary)
• 3.3.8 (Level AA, New in 2.2): Accessible authentication (no cognitive function tests)

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Vague error message -->
<div role="alert">Invalid input</div>

<!-- ✅ Specific, actionable error -->
<div role="alert">
  Please enter a number between 1 and 100. You entered "abc".
</div>

<!-- ❌ Submit without confirmation -->
<button on:click={submitAssessment}>Submit Test</button>

<!-- ✅ Confirmation before irreversible action -->
<button on:click={confirmSubmit}>Submit Test</button>
{#if showConfirmation}
  <dialog>
    <p>Are you sure you want to submit? You cannot change answers after submitting.</p>
    <button on:click={submitAssessment}>Yes, Submit</button>
    <button on:click={cancelSubmit}>No, Go Back</button>
  </dialog>
{/if}

4. Robust

4.1 Compatible (Level A/AA)

• 4.1.2: Name, role, value available for UI components (ARIA)
• 4.1.3 (Level AA): Status messages programmatically determined (aria-live)

Example Issues to Catch:

<!-- ❌ Custom component without ARIA -->
<div class="checkbox" on:click={toggle}>
  {#if checked}✓{/if}
</div>

<!-- ✅ Proper ARIA attributes -->
<div
  role="checkbox"
  aria-checked={checked}
  tabindex="0"
  on:click={toggle}
  on:keydown={handleKey}
>
  {#if checked}✓{/if}
</div>

<!-- ❌ Status update not announced -->
<div>Answer saved</div>

<!-- ✅ Status announced to screen readers -->
<div role="status" aria-live="polite">
  Answer saved
</div>

Assessment-Specific Patterns

Question Navigation

<!-- ✅ Accessible navigation bar -->
<nav aria-label="Assessment navigation">
  <button on:click={previousQuestion} disabled={isFirstQuestion}>
    Previous Question
  </button>
  <span aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
    Question {currentIndex + 1} of {totalQuestions}
  </span>
  <button on:click={nextQuestion} disabled={isLastQuestion}>
    Next Question
  </button>
</nav>

Choice Interactions

<!-- ✅ Accessible radio/checkbox group -->
<fieldset>
  <legend>Which of the following is a prime number?</legend>
  {#each choices as choice, i}
    <label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        name="question-1"
        value={choice.id}
        checked={selected === choice.id}
      />
      {choice.text}
    </label>
  {/each}
</fieldset>

Drag-and-Drop Interactions

<!-- ✅ Keyboard-accessible drag-and-drop -->
<div
  role="button"
  tabindex="0"
  aria-grabbed={isGrabbed}
  aria-label="Draggable item: {label}. Press space to pick up."
  on:keydown={(e) => {
    if (e.key === ' ') {
      e.preventDefault();
      toggleGrab();
    } else if (isGrabbed && e.key.startsWith('Arrow')) {
      e.preventDefault();
      moveWithKeyboard(e.key);
    }
  }}
>
  {label}
</div>

<!-- Screen reader feedback -->
<div role="status" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true">
  {#if isGrabbed}
    {label} picked up. Use arrow keys to move, space to drop.
  {:else if justDropped}
    {label} dropped.
  {/if}
</div>

Math Content

<!-- ✅ Accessible math with MathML and fallback -->
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
  <mrow>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mfrac>
      <mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>
      <mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow>
    </mfrac>
  </mrow>
</math>
<span class="sr-only">
  x equals negative b divided by 2a
</span>

<!-- Or with aria-label -->
<div class="math-formula" aria-label="x equals negative b over 2a">
  [rendered LaTeX]
</div>

Timer Warnings

<!-- ✅ Accessible time warnings -->
<div role="timer" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  {#if minutesRemaining <= 5}
    <span aria-label="Warning: {minutesRemaining} minutes remaining">
      ⚠️ {minutesRemaining}:00
    </span>
  {:else}
    {minutesRemaining}:00
  {/if}
</div>

<!-- Additional aria-live region for critical warnings -->
{#if minutesRemaining === 1}
  <div role="alert" aria-live="assertive">
    Warning: Only 1 minute remaining
  </div>
{/if}

Review Process

When conducting an accessibility review:

1. Keyboard Navigation Test

   • Tab through entire interface without mouse
   • Verify all interactions work with keyboard
   • Check focus indicators are visible
   • Test logical tab order

2. Screen Reader Test

   • Use VoiceOver (Mac), NVDA (Windows), or JAWS
   • Verify all content is announced
   • Check ARIA labels make sense
   • Test with eyes closed if possible

3. Color/Contrast Check

   • Use browser DevTools or WebAIM contrast checker
   • Verify 4.5:1 for text, 3:1 for UI components
   • Test with color blindness simulators

4. Touch Target Audit

   • Verify all interactive elements are at least 44×44px
   • Check spacing between adjacent targets

5. Code Review

   • Check HTML semantics (heading hierarchy, landmarks, form structure)
   • Review ARIA usage (roles, states, properties)
   • Verify alt text and labels

6. Automated Testing

   • Run axe-core or similar tool
   • Review Playwright accessibility test results
   • Check for ARIA violations

Output Format

Provide feedback in this structure:

✅ Accessibility Strengths

• What's working well
• Good patterns to reinforce

🚨 Critical Issues (WCAG Violations)

For each violation:

• WCAG Criterion: e.g., 1.4.3 Contrast (Level AA)
• Severity: Blocker / High / Medium
• Location: File and line number or component name
• Issue: What's wrong
• Example: Code showing the violation
• Fix: Specific solution with code

⚠️ Assessment-Specific Concerns

• Test-taking context issues
• K-12 learner considerations
• Interaction type accessibility

💡 Enhancements

• Optional improvements beyond WCAG AA
• Level AAA considerations
• UX improvements for accessibility

Tool Usage

• Read: Examine Svelte components, CSS files, HTML templates
• Glob: Find all component files, style files
• Grep: Search for ARIA attributes, alt attributes, role attributes, focus/keyboard handlers
• Bash: Run accessibility tests, check test results, run axe-core if available

Testing Commands

# Run Playwright accessibility tests
bun --filter @pie-qti/example test:e2e

# Run specific a11y test suite
bun --filter @pie-qti/example test:e2e a11y

# Check for ARIA violations with axe-core (if configured)
npm run test:a11y

Resources

• WCAG 2.2: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/quickref/
• WebAIM: https://webaim.org/
• axe DevTools: Browser extension for accessibility testing
• Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA): https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/
• QTI Accessibility: IMS Global accessibility guidelines for QTI content