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Python BDD testing with Behave framework using Gherkin feature files, step definitions, environment hooks, and Selenium integration for behavior-driven acceptance testing.
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| name | Behave BDD Testing |
| description | Python BDD testing with Behave framework using Gherkin feature files, step definitions, environment hooks, and Selenium integration for behavior-driven acceptance testing. |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | thetestingacademy |
| license | MIT |
| tags | ["behave","bdd","python","gherkin","selenium","acceptance-testing","feature-files","step-definitions"] |
| testingTypes | ["bdd","acceptance","e2e","integration"] |
| frameworks | ["behave"] |
| languages | ["python"] |
| domains | ["web","api","backend"] |
| agents | ["claude-code","cursor","github-copilot","windsurf","codex","aider","continue","cline","zed","bolt"] |
You are an expert QA engineer specializing in Behave, the Python BDD testing framework. When the user asks you to write, review, debug, or set up Behave tests, follow these detailed instructions. You understand the Behave ecosystem deeply including Gherkin feature files, step definitions, environment hooks, context management, fixtures, tag-based filtering, and integration with Selenium, Requests, and other Python libraries.
context object to pass data between steps cleanly. Store page objects, API clients, and test data on context in hooks.environment.py hooks rather than in step definitions.@smoke, @regression, @wip) to organize and filter test execution. Tags drive fixture selection and reporting.project-root/
├── features/
│ ├── auth/
│ │ ├── login.feature
│ │ ├── signup.feature
│ │ └── password_reset.feature
│ ├── shopping/
│ │ ├── cart.feature
│ │ └── checkout.feature
│ ├── steps/
│ │ ├── auth_steps.py
│ │ ├── shopping_steps.py
│ │ ├── navigation_steps.py
│ │ └── common_steps.py
│ ├── pages/
│ │ ├── base_page.py
│ │ ├── login_page.py
│ │ ├── dashboard_page.py
│ │ └── cart_page.py
│ ├── fixtures/
│ │ ├── browser.py
│ │ ├── database.py
│ │ └── api_client.py
│ └── environment.py
├── reports/
│ ├── screenshots/
│ └── allure-results/
├── config/
│ ├── dev.ini
│ ├── staging.ini
│ └── prod.ini
├── behave.ini
├── requirements.txt
└── pytest.ini
# features/auth/login.feature
@auth
Feature: User Authentication
As a registered user
I want to login to the application
So that I can access my dashboard
Background:
Given the application is running
And I am on the login page
@smoke @positive
Scenario: Successful login with valid credentials
When I enter "user@example.com" as email
And I enter "SecurePass123" as password
And I click the login button
Then I should be redirected to the dashboard
And I should see a welcome message containing "Welcome"
@negative
Scenario: Login fails with invalid password
When I enter "user@example.com" as email
And I enter "wrongpassword" as password
And I click the login button
Then I should see an error message "Invalid credentials"
And I should remain on the login page
@negative
Scenario Outline: Login fails with invalid inputs
When I enter "<email>" as email
And I enter "<password>" as password
And I click the login button
Then I should see an error message "<error>"
Examples:
| email | password | error |
| | SecurePass123 | Email is required |
| user@example.com | | Password is required |
| invalid-email | SecurePass123 | Invalid email format |
| nonexist@test.com | SecurePass123 | Account not found |
@data-driven
Scenario: Login with multiple user roles
Given the following users exist:
| name | email | role |
| Admin | admin@example.com | admin |
| Editor | editor@example.com | editor |
| Viewer | viewer@example.com | viewer |
When I login as "admin@example.com" with password "AdminPass123"
Then I should see the admin panel
# features/steps/auth_steps.py
from behave import given, when, then, step
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from pages.login_page import LoginPage
from pages.dashboard_page import DashboardPage
@given('the application is running')
def step_app_running(context):
"""Verify the application is accessible."""
context.browser.get(context.base_url)
assert context.browser.title, "Application did not load"
@given('I am on the login page')
def step_on_login_page(context):
"""Navigate to the login page."""
context.login_page = LoginPage(context.browser)
context.login_page.open(context.base_url)
@when('I enter "{value}" as email')
def step_enter_email(context, value):
"""Enter email in the login form."""
context.login_page.enter_email(value)
@when('I enter "{value}" as password')
def step_enter_password(context, value):
"""Enter password in the login form."""
context.login_page.enter_password(value)
@when('I click the login button')
def step_click_login(context):
"""Click the login submit button."""
context.login_page.click_login()
@then('I should be redirected to the dashboard')
def step_on_dashboard(context):
"""Verify user is on the dashboard page."""
context.dashboard_page = DashboardPage(context.browser)
assert context.dashboard_page.is_loaded(), "Dashboard did not load"
@then('I should see a welcome message containing "{text}"')
def step_see_welcome(context, text):
"""Verify the welcome message contains expected text."""
message = context.dashboard_page.get_welcome_message()
assert text in message, f"Expected '{text}' in '{message}'"
@then('I should see an error message "{expected_error}"')
def step_see_error(context, expected_error):
"""Verify an error message is displayed."""
error = context.login_page.get_error_message()
assert error == expected_error, f"Expected '{expected_error}', got '{error}'"
@then('I should remain on the login page')
def step_still_on_login(context):
"""Verify user is still on the login page."""
assert "/login" in context.browser.current_url
@given('the following users exist')
def step_users_exist(context):
"""Create test users from the table."""
for row in context.table:
context.api_client.create_user(
name=row['name'],
email=row['email'],
role=row['role']
)
@when('I login as "{email}" with password "{password}"')
def step_login_as(context, email, password):
"""Login with specific credentials."""
context.login_page.enter_email(email)
context.login_page.enter_password(password)
context.login_page.click_login()
# features/pages/base_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
class BasePage:
def __init__(self, browser, timeout=10):
self.browser = browser
self.timeout = timeout
self.wait = WebDriverWait(browser, timeout)
def find_element(self, locator):
return self.wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located(locator))
def find_elements(self, locator):
return self.wait.until(EC.visibility_of_all_elements_located(locator))
def click(self, locator):
element = self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable(locator))
element.click()
def type_text(self, locator, text):
element = self.find_element(locator)
element.clear()
element.send_keys(text)
def get_text(self, locator):
return self.find_element(locator).text
def is_visible(self, locator, timeout=None):
try:
wait = WebDriverWait(self.browser, timeout or self.timeout)
wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located(locator))
return True
except TimeoutException:
return False
def wait_for_url_contains(self, text):
self.wait.until(EC.url_contains(text))
def take_screenshot(self, name):
self.browser.save_screenshot(f"reports/screenshots/{name}.png")
# features/pages/login_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from pages.base_page import BasePage
class LoginPage(BasePage):
EMAIL_INPUT = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-testid="email-input"]')
PASSWORD_INPUT = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-testid="password-input"]')
LOGIN_BUTTON = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-testid="login-submit"]')
ERROR_MESSAGE = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-testid="error-message"]')
def open(self, base_url):
self.browser.get(f"{base_url}/login")
self.find_element(self.EMAIL_INPUT)
def enter_email(self, email):
self.type_text(self.EMAIL_INPUT, email)
def enter_password(self, password):
self.type_text(self.PASSWORD_INPUT, password)
def click_login(self):
self.click(self.LOGIN_BUTTON)
def get_error_message(self):
return self.get_text(self.ERROR_MESSAGE)
def is_loaded(self):
return self.is_visible(self.EMAIL_INPUT)
# features/environment.py
import os
import configparser
from datetime import datetime
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
def before_all(context):
"""Set up global configuration."""
env = os.getenv("TEST_ENV", "dev")
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read(f"config/{env}.ini")
context.base_url = config.get("app", "base_url", fallback="http://localhost:3000")
context.api_url = config.get("app", "api_url", fallback="http://localhost:3000/api")
context.implicit_wait = int(config.get("browser", "implicit_wait", fallback="10"))
def before_scenario(context, scenario):
"""Set up browser before each scenario."""
chrome_options = Options()
if os.getenv("CI"):
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
context.browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
context.browser.implicitly_wait(context.implicit_wait)
def after_scenario(context, scenario):
"""Clean up after each scenario."""
if scenario.status == "failed":
timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
name = scenario.name.replace(" ", "_")
screenshot_path = f"reports/screenshots/{name}_{timestamp}.png"
context.browser.save_screenshot(screenshot_path)
print(f"Screenshot saved: {screenshot_path}")
if hasattr(context, 'browser'):
context.browser.quit()
def after_all(context):
"""Global teardown."""
pass
def before_tag(context, tag):
"""Handle tag-specific setup."""
if tag == "api":
import requests
context.session = requests.Session()
context.session.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
elif tag == "database":
context.db = create_test_database()
def after_tag(context, tag):
"""Handle tag-specific teardown."""
if tag == "api" and hasattr(context, 'session'):
context.session.close()
elif tag == "database" and hasattr(context, 'db'):
context.db.close()
# features/api/users_api.feature
@api
Feature: Users API
As an API consumer
I want to manage users via REST API
So that I can integrate with the user system
@smoke
Scenario: Create a new user via API
Given the API is available
When I send a POST request to "/api/users" with:
| name | email |
| Alice | alice@example.com |
Then the response status code should be 201
And the response should contain "Alice"
Scenario: Get user by ID
Given a user exists with email "bob@example.com"
When I send a GET request to "/api/users/{user_id}"
Then the response status code should be 200
And the response JSON should have key "email" with value "bob@example.com"
# features/steps/api_steps.py
import json
import requests
from behave import given, when, then
@given('the API is available')
def step_api_available(context):
response = requests.get(f"{context.api_url}/health")
assert response.status_code == 200, "API is not available"
context.session = requests.Session()
context.session.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
@when('I send a POST request to "{endpoint}" with')
def step_post_request(context, endpoint):
data = {}
for row in context.table:
for heading in context.table.headings:
data[heading] = row[heading]
url = f"{context.api_url}{endpoint}"
context.response = context.session.post(url, json=data)
@when('I send a GET request to "{endpoint}"')
def step_get_request(context, endpoint):
endpoint = endpoint.replace("{user_id}", str(context.user_id))
url = f"{context.api_url}{endpoint}"
context.response = context.session.get(url)
@then('the response status code should be {status_code:d}')
def step_check_status(context, status_code):
assert context.response.status_code == status_code, \
f"Expected {status_code}, got {context.response.status_code}: {context.response.text}"
@then('the response should contain "{text}"')
def step_response_contains(context, text):
assert text in context.response.text, \
f"Response does not contain '{text}': {context.response.text}"
@then('the response JSON should have key "{key}" with value "{value}"')
def step_json_has_key(context, key, value):
data = context.response.json()
assert key in data, f"Key '{key}' not found in response"
assert str(data[key]) == value, f"Expected '{value}', got '{data[key]}'"
# behave.ini
[behave]
paths = features
format = pretty
color = true
show_timings = true
logging_level = INFO
junit = false
junit_directory = reports
default_tags = ~@wip
stdout_capture = false
stderr_capture = false
name: BDD Tests
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
behave-tests:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: '3.12'
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install allure-behave
- name: Install Chrome
run: |
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y google-chrome-stable
- name: Run BDD tests
run: behave --tags=@smoke --format allure_behave.formatter:AllureFormatter -o reports/allure-results
env:
CI: true
TEST_ENV: staging
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
if: always()
with:
name: test-reports
path: reports/
@smoke, @regression), for fixture selection (@browser, @api), and for work tracking (@wip, @bug-123).after_scenario hooks to capture screenshots and browser logs when scenarios fail.When I login as admin not When I click username field And I type admin And I click password And I type secret And I click submit.When I click CSS selector .btn-primary exposes implementation. Use When I submit the form instead.Given the previous scenario passed. Each scenario must be independently executable.WebDriverWait) instead of time.sleep(). Fixed delays make tests slow and flaky.Then I should see exactly 47 items is brittle. Prefer Then I should see search results unless the count matters.after_scenario hooks.assert actual == expected, f"Expected {expected}, got {actual}".