container-hardening

name	container-hardening
description	Harden container images and runtime configuration. Use when building, reviewing, or auditing Containerfiles, Dockerfiles, container compose files, or Kubernetes pod security settings.
metadata	{"category":"secure_development","subcategory":"kubernetes"}

Container Hardening

Secure container images and runtime configuration to reduce attack surface, prevent privilege escalation, and ensure compliance with Kubernetes security best practices.

Base Image Selection

• Use a Universal Base Image (UBI) from the official Red Hat Container Registry
• Prefer ubi-minimal (ubi8/ubi-minimal or ubi9/ubi-minimal) to reduce attack surface
• Use the most up-to-date image available

Required for: all profiles (mandatory)

Image Tagging Strategy

Source	Strategy
Red Hat Catalog	Omit floating tags to get the latest image; exception: Konflux project uses digest-based pinning with automated updates
Non-Red Hat registries	Pin the version or digest to ensure you use the intended image and not a tampered one

Minimize Installed Software

Remove non-essential packages and clean up package manager caches:

RUN microdnf upgrade -y && \
    microdnf install -y <required-packages> && \
    microdnf remove -y <unnecessary-packages> && \
    microdnf clean all

Use microdnf on ubi-minimal images; dnf on full UBI images.

Runtime Security

Non-Root Execution

Containers must not run as root. Set runAsNonRoot: true and provide a numeric non-root USER in the Containerfile.

Required for: all profiles (mandatory)

USER 1000

securityContext:
  runAsNonRoot: true
  runAsUser: 1000

Either the pod-level or container-level securityContext can set these fields. Do not use UID 0 (root) or UID 1337 (reserved for Istio sidecar proxies).

Required for: Extended (mandatory), all others (optional) — UID 1337 restriction

Privilege Restrictions

Set allowPrivilegeEscalation: false to prevent privilege escalation during container execution:

Required for: all profiles (mandatory)

securityContext:
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

Or in a compose file:

security_opt:
  - no-new-privileges: true

Read-Only Filesystem

Use read-only root filesystems wherever possible:

Required for: all profiles (optional, recommended best practice)

securityContext:
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: true

Mount writable tmpfs volumes only where the application requires write access (e.g., /tmp, /var/run).

Read-Only Volumes

Mount volumes as read-only unless the container must write to them:

volumeMounts:
  - name: config
    mountPath: /etc/app
    readOnly: true

Service Account Token

Disable automatic mounting of the Kubernetes API service account token unless the pod needs API access:

Required for: Telco (mandatory), Far-Edge (mandatory), Extended (mandatory), Non-Telco (optional)

spec:
  automountServiceAccountToken: false

Pods that require API access (e.g., operators, controllers) should use a dedicated service account with minimal RBAC permissions and explicitly set automountServiceAccountToken: true.

One Process Per Container

Each container should run a single process. This simplifies monitoring, log collection, debugging, and security assessment. Use sidecar containers for auxiliary tasks (log shipping, proxy, etc.) rather than running multiple daemons in one container.

Required for: all profiles (optional, recommended best practice)

No SSH Daemons

Containers must not run SSH daemons. SSH in containers creates additional attack surfaces and violates immutable infrastructure principles. Use kubectl exec or oc debug for troubleshooting instead.

Required for: Telco (mandatory), Far-Edge (mandatory), Extended (mandatory), Non-Telco (optional)

Security Context Categories

The certsuite defines 4 approved security context categories based on required Linux capabilities. Target Category 1 (most restrictive) unless the workload requires advanced networking or DPDK.

Required for: Extended (mandatory), all others (optional)

Category	Description	Added Capabilities
Category 1	Limited access (default)	None
Category 1 (no UID 0)	Basic rights with mesh networks	None (runAsNonRoot: true)
Category 2	Advanced networking (VLAN tag, DSCP, priority)	NET_ADMIN, NET_RAW
Category 3	SR-IOV and DPDK	NET_ADMIN, NET_RAW, IPC_LOCK

All categories require:

• Drop capabilities: ALL (or at minimum MKNOD, SETUID, SETGID, KILL)
• No host access: hostIPC: false, hostNetwork: false, hostPID: false, no hostPort
• No privileged containers: privileged: false
• User identity: runAsUser and fsGroup set, SELinux context present
• Allowed volume types only: ConfigMap, DownwardAPI, EmptyDir, PersistentVolumeClaim, Projected, Secret

Example: Category 1 Security Context (Preferred)

spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 1000
    fsGroup: 1000
    seLinuxOptions:
      type: container_t
  containers:
    - name: app
      image: registry.example.com/app:v1.2.3
      securityContext:
        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
        readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
        capabilities:
          drop: ["ALL"]

Base Image Integrity

Container base images must not be modified after startup. All required binaries and dependencies must be built into the image at build time.

Required for: all profiles (mandatory)

Protected directories that must remain unchanged at runtime: /bin, /sbin, /lib, /lib64, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/lib, /usr/lib64, /var/lib/rpm, /var/lib/dpkg

OpenShift Note: SELinux must be in Enforcing mode on all cluster nodes (mandatory across all profiles). Base images must be Red Hat UBI (mandatory across all profiles).

Containerfile Linting

Use Hadolint to lint Containerfiles for best-practice violations and inline bash issues:

hadolint Containerfile

Hadolint catches common issues (running as root, missing version pins, unnecessary sudo) but should not be trusted without additional verification.

Implementation Checklist

• Base image is a Red Hat UBI from the official catalog
• ubi-minimal is used unless a full UBI is justified
• Non-Red Hat base images are pinned by version or digest
• Non-essential packages are removed and caches cleaned
• runAsNonRoot: true is set at pod or container level
• A numeric non-root USER is set in the Containerfile
• Container UID is not 0 or 1337
• allowPrivilegeEscalation: false is set
• readOnlyRootFilesystem: true is set
• Volumes are mounted read-only unless writes are required
• automountServiceAccountToken: false unless API access is required
• Each container runs a single process
• No SSH daemons are running in containers
• Security context matches an approved category (Category 1-3)
• Required capabilities are dropped (ALL, or at minimum MKNOD, SETUID, SETGID, KILL)
• Container base image is not modified post-startup
• SELinux is in Enforcing mode on all cluster nodes
• Hadolint runs in CI on all Containerfiles
• Container images are rebuilt regularly to pick up base image updates

Certsuite Test Mapping

Guidance	Certsuite Test ID	Profiles
Privilege escalation disabled	access-control-security-context-privilege-escalation	All profiles: mandatory
Run as non-root	access-control-security-context-non-root-user-id-check	All profiles: mandatory
Read-only root filesystem	access-control-security-context-read-only-file-system	All profiles: optional
Security context category	access-control-security-context	Extended: mandatory, all others: optional
UID not 1337	access-control-no-1337-uid	Extended: mandatory, all others: optional
One process per container	access-control-one-process-per-container	All profiles: optional
Service account token	access-control-pod-automount-service-account-token	Telco/Far-Edge/Extended: mandatory, Non-Telco: optional
No SSH daemons	access-control-ssh-daemons	Telco/Far-Edge/Extended: mandatory, Non-Telco: optional
Base image not modified	platform-alteration-base-image	All profiles: mandatory
SELinux enforcing	platform-alteration-is-selinux-enforcing	All profiles: mandatory
Red Hat base image	platform-alteration-isredhat-release	All profiles: mandatory

References

• Red Hat Container Registry
• Understanding the UBI minimal images
• Hadolint
• Container Hardening Guide
• Docker Capabilities and no-new-privileges
• Kubernetes Pod Security Standards
• Red Hat Best Practices for Kubernetes Guide
• Red Hat Best Practices Test Suite for Kubernetes (certsuite)