debugging-strategies

name	debugging-strategies
description	Master systematic debugging techniques, profiling tools, and root cause analysis to efficiently track down bugs across any codebase or technology stack. Use when investigating bugs, performance issues, or unexpected behavior.

Debugging Strategies

Origin: Techniques refined through systematic debugging of concurrent test failures in a large TypeScript codebase (2025).

Transform debugging from frustrating guesswork into systematic problem-solving with proven strategies, powerful tools, and methodical approaches.

When to Use This Skill

• Tracking down elusive bugs
• Investigating performance issues
• Understanding unfamiliar codebases
• Debugging production issues
• Analyzing crash dumps and stack traces
• Profiling application performance
• Investigating memory leaks
• Debugging distributed systems

Core Principles

1. The Scientific Method

1. Observe: What's the actual behavior? 2. Hypothesize: What could be causing it? 3. Experiment: Test your hypothesis 4. Analyze: Did it prove/disprove your theory? 5. Repeat: Until you find the root cause

2. Debugging Mindset

Don't Assume:

• "It can't be X" - Yes it can
• "I didn't change Y" - Check anyway
• "It works on my machine" - Find out why

Do:

• Reproduce consistently
• Isolate the problem
• Keep detailed notes
• Question everything
• Take breaks when stuck

3. Rubber Duck Debugging

Explain your code and problem out loud (to a rubber duck, colleague, or yourself). Often reveals the issue.

Systematic Debugging Process

Phase 1: Reproduce

## Reproduction Checklist

1. **Can you reproduce it?**
   - Always? Sometimes? Randomly?
   - Specific conditions needed?
   - Can others reproduce it?

2. **Create minimal reproduction**
   - Simplify to smallest example
   - Remove unrelated code
   - Isolate the problem

3. **Document steps**
   - Write down exact steps
   - Note environment details
   - Capture error messages

Phase 2: Gather Information

## Information Collection

1. **Error Messages**
   - Full stack trace
   - Error codes
   - Console/log output

2. **Environment**
   - OS version
   - Language/runtime version
   - Dependencies versions
   - Environment variables

3. **Recent Changes**
   - Git history
   - Deployment timeline
   - Configuration changes

4. **Scope**
   - Affects all users or specific ones?
   - All browsers or specific ones?
   - Production only or also dev?

Phase 3: Form Hypothesis

## Hypothesis Formation

Based on gathered info, ask:

1. **What changed?**
   - Recent code changes
   - Dependency updates
   - Infrastructure changes

2. **What's different?**
   - Working vs broken environment
   - Working vs broken user
   - Before vs after

3. **Where could this fail?**
   - Input validation
   - Business logic
   - Data layer
   - External services

Phase 4: Test & Verify

## Testing Strategies

1. **Binary Search**
   - Comment out half the code
   - Narrow down problematic section
   - Repeat until found

2. **Add Logging**
   - Strategic console.log/print
   - Track variable values
   - Trace execution flow

3. **Isolate Components**
   - Test each piece separately
   - Mock dependencies
   - Remove complexity

4. **Compare Working vs Broken**
   - Diff configurations
   - Diff environments
   - Diff data

Debugging Tools

JavaScript/TypeScript Debugging

// Chrome DevTools Debugger
function processOrder(order: Order) {
    debugger;  // Execution pauses here

    const total = calculateTotal(order);
    console.log('Total:', total);

    // Conditional breakpoint
    if (order.items.length > 10) {
        debugger;  // Only breaks if condition true
    }

    return total;
}

// Console debugging techniques
console.log('Value:', value);                    // Basic
console.table(arrayOfObjects);                   // Table format
console.time('operation'); /* code */ console.timeEnd('operation');  // Timing
console.trace();                                 // Stack trace
console.assert(value > 0, 'Value must be positive');  // Assertion

// Performance profiling
performance.mark('start-operation');
// ... operation code
performance.mark('end-operation');
performance.measure('operation', 'start-operation', 'end-operation');
console.log(performance.getEntriesByType('measure'));

VS Code Debugger Configuration:

// .vscode/launch.json
{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "type": "node",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug Program",
            "program": "${workspaceFolder}/src/index.ts",
            "preLaunchTask": "tsc: build - tsconfig.json",
            "outFiles": ["${workspaceFolder}/dist/**/*.js"],
            "skipFiles": ["<node_internals>/**"]
        },
        {
            "type": "node",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug Tests",
            "program": "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/jest/bin/jest",
            "args": ["--runInBand", "--no-cache"],
            "console": "integratedTerminal"
        }
    ]
}

Python Debugging

# Built-in debugger (pdb)
import pdb

def calculate_total(items):
    total = 0
    pdb.set_trace()  # Debugger starts here

    for item in items:
        total += item.price * item.quantity

    return total

# Breakpoint (Python 3.7+)
def process_order(order):
    breakpoint()  # More convenient than pdb.set_trace()
    # ... code

# Post-mortem debugging
try:
    risky_operation()
except Exception:
    import pdb
    pdb.post_mortem()  # Debug at exception point

# IPython debugging (ipdb)
from ipdb import set_trace
set_trace()  # Better interface than pdb

# Logging for debugging
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def fetch_user(user_id):
    logger.debug(f'Fetching user: {user_id}')
    user = db.query(User).get(user_id)
    logger.debug(f'Found user: {user}')
    return user

# Profile performance
import cProfile
import pstats

cProfile.run('slow_function()', 'profile_stats')
stats = pstats.Stats('profile_stats')
stats.sort_stats('cumulative')
stats.print_stats(10)  # Top 10 slowest

Go Debugging

// Delve debugger
// Install: go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest
// Run: dlv debug main.go

import (
    "fmt"
    "runtime"
    "runtime/debug"
)

// Print stack trace
func debugStack() {
    debug.PrintStack()
}

// Panic recovery with debugging
func processRequest() {
    defer func() {
        if r := recover(); r != nil {
            fmt.Println("Panic:", r)
            debug.PrintStack()
        }
    }()

    // ... code that might panic
}

// Memory profiling
import _ "net/http/pprof"
// Visit http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/

// CPU profiling
import (
    "os"
    "runtime/pprof"
)

f, _ := os.Create("cpu.prof")
pprof.StartCPUProfile(f)
defer pprof.StopCPUProfile()
// ... code to profile

Advanced Debugging Techniques

Technique 0: AST-Based Code Tracing

When sg (ast-grep) is available, use structural search for precise code tracing:

# Trace all exception raise/catch patterns
sg run -p 'raise $EXCEPTION' -l python src/
sg run -p 'except $TYPE as $VAR:' -l python src/

# Find all assignments to a variable (track state mutations)
sg run -p '$TARGET = $VALUE' -l python src/module/

# Map async call chains (find all await expressions)
sg run -p 'await $EXPR' -l python src/

# Find all callers of a suspect function
sg run -p 'suspect_function($$$ARGS)' -l python src/

# Find all error handler paths
sg run -p 'except $TYPE:
    $$$BODY' -l python src/

# Trace decorator usage (find wrapped functions)
sg run -p '@$DECORATOR
def $NAME($$$):' -l python src/

When to prefer sg over Grep for debugging:

• Multiline patterns (function calls spanning lines)
• Structural patterns (all try/except, all async/await)
• Precise matching (function calls vs string mentions)
• If sg is unavailable, fall back to Grep + manual verification

Technique 1: Binary Search Debugging

# Git bisect for finding regression
git bisect start
git bisect bad                    # Current commit is bad
git bisect good v1.0.0            # v1.0.0 was good

# Git checks out middle commit
# Test it, then:
git bisect good   # if it works
git bisect bad    # if it's broken

# Continue until bug found
git bisect reset  # when done

Technique 2: Differential Debugging

Compare working vs broken:

## What's Different?

| Aspect       | Working         | Broken          |
|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|
| Environment  | Development     | Production      |
| Node version | 18.16.0         | 18.15.0         |
| Data         | Empty DB        | 1M records      |
| User         | Admin           | Regular user    |
| Browser      | Chrome          | Safari          |
| Time         | During day      | After midnight  |

Hypothesis: Time-based issue? Check timezone handling.

Technique 3: Trace Debugging

// Function call tracing
function trace(target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
    const originalMethod = descriptor.value;

    descriptor.value = function(...args: any[]) {
        console.log(`Calling ${propertyKey} with args:`, args);
        const result = originalMethod.apply(this, args);
        console.log(`${propertyKey} returned:`, result);
        return result;
    };

    return descriptor;
}

class OrderService {
    @trace
    calculateTotal(items: Item[]): number {
        return items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
    }
}

Technique 4: Memory Leak Detection

// Chrome DevTools Memory Profiler
// 1. Take heap snapshot
// 2. Perform action
// 3. Take another snapshot
// 4. Compare snapshots

// Node.js memory debugging
if (process.memoryUsage().heapUsed > 500 * 1024 * 1024) {
    console.warn('High memory usage:', process.memoryUsage());

    // Generate heap dump
    require('v8').writeHeapSnapshot();
}

// Find memory leaks in tests
let beforeMemory: number;

beforeEach(() => {
    beforeMemory = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;
});

afterEach(() => {
    const afterMemory = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;
    const diff = afterMemory - beforeMemory;

    if (diff > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {  // 10MB threshold
        console.warn(`Possible memory leak: ${diff / 1024 / 1024}MB`);
    }
});

Debugging Patterns by Issue Type

Pattern 1: Intermittent Bugs

## Strategies for Flaky Bugs

1. **Add extensive logging**
   - Log timing information
   - Log all state transitions
   - Log external interactions

2. **Look for race conditions**
   - Concurrent access to shared state
   - Async operations completing out of order
   - Missing synchronization

3. **Check timing dependencies**
   - setTimeout/setInterval
   - Promise resolution order
   - Animation frame timing

4. **Stress test**
   - Run many times
   - Vary timing
   - Simulate load

Pattern 2: Performance Issues

## Reference Files

For detailed patterns and code examples, see [references/tools-and-profiling.md](references/tools-and-profiling.md).