taylor

name	taylor
description	Simulate the time evolution of a quantum system using Taylor series expansion.

Taylor Hamiltonian Simulation Skill Guide

Algorithm Overview

Category: Hamiltonian Simulation — Algebraic Expansion Methods

Purpose: Approximate the time-evolution operator $e^{-iHt}$ by truncating its Taylor series and expressing the result as a Linear Combination of Unitaries (LCU). The Hamiltonian is first decomposed into a weighted sum of Pauli strings; the Taylor series is then built order-by-order via dynamic programming; finally the combined operator is implemented as a single LCU circuit.

Core Idea:

1. Split the total evolution time into $r$ equal slices to keep each slice's spectral weight small.
2. Expand $e^{-iH(t/r)}$ as a degree-$K$ Taylor series over Pauli string products.
3. Elevate the single-slice approximation to the $r$-th power using pauli_string_power.
4. Construct the LCU circuit from the resulting weighted Pauli unitaries.

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Mathematical Principles

Taylor expansion of the evolution operator:

$$ e^{-iHt} = \sum_{k=0}^{K} \frac{(-iHt)^k}{k!} + \mathcal{O}!\left(\frac{(\alpha t)^{K+1}}{(K+1)!}\right) $$

where $\alpha = |H|_2$ is the spectral norm.

Time-slicing reduces the per-slice parameter $\lambda = \alpha t$ to $\lambda / r$, allowing a lower truncation order $K$:

$$ r = \left\lfloor \frac{\alpha t}{0.5} \right\rfloor + 1, \qquad \lambda_{\text{slice}} = \frac{\alpha t}{r} $$

Adaptive degree selection:

$$ K = \min!\Bigl(\max!\bigl(K_{\text{init}},; \lceil 1.5,\lambda + 1.5\ln(1/\varepsilon) \rceil\bigr),; 15\Bigr) $$

Pauli decomposition of the Hamiltonian:

$$ H = \sum_{j} c_j P_j, \qquad P_j \in {I, X, Y, Z}^{\otimes n} $$

LCU representation of the truncated slice operator:

$$ U_{\text{approx}}^{(1)} \approx \sum_{\ell} w_\ell V_\ell, \qquad w_\ell \in \mathbb{R}{\geq 0},; V\ell \text{ unitary} $$

$$ e^{-iHt} \approx \bigl(U_{\text{approx}}^{(1)}\bigr)^r $$

Error metric (Frobenius norm):

$$ \varepsilon = \bigl|U_{\text{approx}}^r - e^{-iHt}\bigr|_F $$

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Core Parameters

Constructor — TaylorAlgorithm

class TaylorAlgorithm:
    def __init__(self, text_mode: str = "plain", algo_dir: str = None) -> None:
        ...

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
text_mode	str	"plain"	Output formatting mode for saved text reports ("plain" or "legacy").
algo_dir	str | None	None	Directory for saving results. Auto-derived from CWD if None.

run() Method

def run(self, H: np.ndarray, t: float, error: float, degree: int = 15) -> dict:
    ...

Parameter	Type	Default	Constraints	Description
H	np.ndarray	required	Square, Hermitian; padded to next power-of-2 if needed	Hamiltonian matrix.
t	float	required	Finite real number	Total evolution time.
error	float	required	> 0	Target approximation error; used to compute the adaptive expansion degree.
degree	int	15	≥ 1, capped at 15	Initial guess for the Taylor truncation order. Adjusted internally.

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Inputs and Outputs

Inputs

Name	Type	Requirements
H	np.ndarray (complex128)	Square, Hermitian (checked to atol=1e-12); non-power-of-2 dims are zero-padded.
t	float	Any finite real number.
error	float	Strictly positive.
degree	int	Positive integer; the runtime value is clipped to [computed_min, 15].

Return Value of run()

run() returns a dictionary built by _build_return_dict(). The output fields from algo.output are merged directly into the same dict via result.update(self.output).

Key	Type	Description
status	str	'ok' on success, 'failed' on error.
circuit_path	str	Path to the saved SVG circuit diagram.
plot	list[dict]	List of saved result files, each {"format": str, "filename": str}.
circuit	Circuit	The constructed LCU circuit object.
Approximate evolution matrix	np.ndarray	$U_{\text{approx}}^r$ — the LCU-based time-evolution approximation.
Exact evolution matrix	np.ndarray	$e^{-iHt}$ computed via scipy.linalg.expm.
Frobenius norm of error	float	$|U_{\text{approx}}^r - e^{-iHt}|_F$.

The same output fields are also accessible via algo.output after run() completes.

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Implementation Description

Execution Flow

Stage 1 — Input validation and formatting

• Asserts H is square, Hermitian, and finite-t.
• Zero-pads H to the next power-of-2 dimension if necessary.
• Computes spectral norm alpha = np.linalg.norm(H, 2) and lam = alpha * t.
• Determines the number of time slices: r = int(lam / 0.5) + 1.
• Adjusts degree adaptively.

Stage 2 — Pauli decomposition

• Calls pauli_string_decomposition(H * t / r) to expand the per-slice Hamiltonian into a list of (pauli_string, coefficient) tuples.

Stage 3 — Taylor series construction

• Builds degree + 1 order maps (ans_term_map[k]) via dynamic programming:
  • Order 0: identity.
  • Order $k$: multiply each order-$(k{-}1)$ Pauli string by each decomposed term, accumulating coefficients with the factor $-i/k$.
• Collapses all orders into a single ans_term_list of (pauli_string, complex_coeff) pairs.

Stage 4 — Power elevation

• Calls pauli_string_power(ans_term_list, r) to raise the single-slice operator to the $r$-th power symbolically.

Stage 5 — LCU circuit construction

• For each (pauli_string, coeff) term:
  • Extracts magnitude = |coeff| as the LCU weight.
  • Extracts phase = arg(coeff) and wraps it into a global phase gate via _make_U_rotation.
• Constructs the full LCU circuit using LCU(lcu_terms).

Stage 6 — Matrix extraction and error estimation

• Extracts the $2^n \times 2^n$ block from the full LCU matrix: lcu_matrix[i*m, j*m] where m = len(LCU_terms).
• Rescales by the sum of LCU weights s to recover the true normalization.
• Computes the exact evolution with scipy.linalg.expm(-1j * H * t).
• Reports the Frobenius norm error.

Engineering Constraints

Constraint	Detail
Maximum Taylor degree	Hard-capped at 15 by implementation.
Hamiltonian dimension	Must be power-of-2; zero-padding is applied automatically.
Hermiticity tolerance	atol = 1e-12.
LCU term count	Grows exponentially with degree and the number of Pauli terms; large Hamiltonians increase memory use.

Key Internal Functions

Function	Source	Role
pauli_string_decomposition(H)	unitarylab.library.pauli_operator	Decomposes H into weighted Pauli strings.
pauli_string_multiply(s1, s2)	unitarylab.library.pauli_operator	Multiplies two Pauli strings; returns result string and phase.
pauli_string_power(terms, r)	unitarylab.library.pauli_operator	Raises a Pauli-string operator to integer power r.
pauli_string_circuit(s)	unitarylab.library.pauli_operator	Builds the quantum circuit for a Pauli string.
LCU(terms)	unitarylab.library	Constructs the LCU quantum circuit from (circuit, weight) pairs.
Circuit.get_matrix()	unitarylab	Extracts the full unitary matrix from a circuit.

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Sample Code

Minimal Example

import numpy as np
from unitarylab_algorithms import TaylorAlgorithm

# 2×2 Hermitian Hamiltonian
H = np.array([[2, 1],
              [1, 3]], dtype=complex)

algo = TaylorAlgorithm(text_mode="plain")
result = algo.run(
    H=H,
    t=1.0,
    error=1e-8,
    degree=15,
)

print("status      :", result["status"])
print("circuit_path:", result["circuit_path"])
print("plot        :", result["plot"])
print("Frobenius error:", result["Frobenius norm of error"])

Accuracy Sweep — degree vs. t

import numpy as np
from unitarylab_algorithms import TaylorAlgorithm

H = np.array([[2, 1],
              [1, 3]], dtype=complex)

for t in [1.0, 3.0, 5.0]:
    for degree in [5, 10, 15]:
        algo = TaylorAlgorithm(text_mode="plain")
        result = algo.run(H=H, t=t, error=1e-8, degree=degree)
        frob_err = algo.output["Frobenius norm of error"]
        print(f"t={t:.1f}, degree={degree:>2d}, error={frob_err:.2e}, status={result['status']}")

Expected observations:

1. Larger t increases lam, which raises r (more slices) and the required degree.
2. Increasing degree reduces error until it saturates near machine precision.
3. The effective degree is clamped at 15; very large t is compensated by more time slices.