| name | drawio-skill |
| version | 1.5.2 |
| description | Use when user requests diagrams, flowcharts, architecture charts, or visualizations. Also use proactively when explaining systems with 3+ components, complex data flows, or relationships that benefit from visual representation. Generates .drawio XML files and exports to PNG/SVG/PDF locally using the native draw.io desktop CLI. |
| license | MIT |
| homepage | https://github.com/Agents365-ai/drawio-skill |
| compatibility | Requires draw.io desktop app CLI on PATH (macOS/Linux/Windows). Self-check step requires a vision-enabled model (e.g., Claude Sonnet/Opus); gracefully skipped if unavailable. |
| platforms | ["macos","linux","windows"] |
| metadata | {"openclaw":{"requires":{"anyBins":["draw.io","drawio"]},"emoji":"📐","os":["darwin","linux","win32"],"install":[{"id":"brew-drawio","kind":"brew","formula":"drawio","bins":["draw.io"],"label":"Install draw.io via Homebrew","os":["darwin"]}]},"hermes":{"tags":["drawio","diagram","flowchart","architecture","visualization","uml"],"category":"design","requires_tools":["draw.io"],"related_skills":["mermaid","excalidraw","plantuml"]},"author":"Agents365-ai","version":"1.5.2"} |
Draw.io Diagrams
Overview
Generate .drawio XML files and export to PNG/SVG/PDF/JPG locally using the native draw.io desktop app CLI.
Supported formats: PNG, SVG, PDF, JPG — no browser automation needed.
PNG, SVG, and PDF exports support --embed-diagram (-e) — the exported file contains the full diagram XML, so opening it in draw.io recovers the editable diagram. Use double extensions (name.drawio.png) to signal embedded XML.
Bundled resources
When the workflow references one of these, read it on demand — none of them need to be in context up front.
| File | Read it when |
|---|
references/diagram-types.md | The user names a specific diagram type (ERD, UML class, sequence, architecture, ML/DL, flowchart) |
references/style-presets.md | The user asks to learn / save / list / set-default / delete a style preset, or you've resolved an active preset and need the application rules |
references/style-extraction.md | You're inside the Learn flow and need the extraction procedure (called from style-presets.md) |
references/troubleshooting.md | An export fails, vision rejects a PNG, or a rendering looks wrong |
scripts/repair_png.py | After every -e PNG export — fixes draw.io's truncated IEND chunk (issue #8) |
scripts/encode_drawio_url.py | The CLI is unavailable and you need a browser-fallback diagrams.net URL |
Prerequisites
The draw.io desktop app must be installed and the CLI accessible:
brew install --cask drawio
draw.io --version
/Applications/draw.io.app/Contents/MacOS/draw.io --version
"C:\Program Files\draw.io\draw.io.exe" --version
draw.io --version
Install draw.io desktop if missing:
Workflow
Before starting the workflow, assess whether the user's request is specific enough. If key details are missing, ask 1-3 focused questions:
- Diagram type — which preset? (ERD, UML, Sequence, Architecture, ML/DL, Flowchart, or general)
- Output format — PNG (default), SVG, PDF, or JPG?
- Output location — default is the user's working dir; honor any explicit path the user gives (e.g. "put it in
./artifacts/"). Don't ask if they didn't mention one.
- Scope/fidelity — how many components? Any specific technologies or labels?
Skip clarification if the request already specifies these details or is clearly simple (e.g., "draw a flowchart of X").
-
Update check (notify, don't pull) — first use per conversation. Throttle to once per 24 h via <this-skill-dir>/.last_update; never mutate the skill directory without explicit user consent.
-
If .last_update exists and is <24 h old, skip this step entirely.
-
Otherwise, fetch the latest tag from upstream:
git -C <this-skill-dir> ls-remote --tags origin 'v*' 2>/dev/null \
| awk '{print $2}' | sed 's|refs/tags/||' | sort -V | tail -1
-
Compare with this skill's metadata.version from the frontmatter. If the upstream tag is strictly newer (semver), tell the user one line and ask:
"A newer version of this skill is available: vX.Y.Z → vA.B.C. Want me to git pull?"
If they say yes, run git -C <this-skill-dir> pull --ff-only. Refresh .last_update either way so the prompt doesn't repeat for 24 hours.
-
If upstream is the same or older, refresh .last_update silently and continue.
-
On any failure (offline, not a git checkout — e.g. ClawHub-installed copy, read-only path, no permission), swallow the error silently and continue with the user's task. Do not mention the failure.
Step 0.5 — Resolve active preset. Determine which (if any) user-defined style preset applies to this generation.
- Scan the user's message for a phrase that clearly names a style preset: "use my
<name> style", "with my <name> style", "in <name> mode", "in the style of <name>". A bare with <name> does not count — "draw a diagram with redis" names a component, not a style. If a clear match is found → active preset = <name>.
- Else, check
~/.drawio-skill/styles/ for any file with "default": true. If found → active preset = that one.
- Else → no preset active; fall through to the built-in color/shape/edge conventions for the rest of the workflow.
Load the preset JSON from ~/.drawio-skill/styles/<name>.json, falling back to <this-skill-dir>/styles/built-in/<name>.json. If the named preset exists in neither location, tell the user the name is unknown, list the available presets (user dir + built-in), and stop — do not silently fall back to defaults.
When a preset loads successfully, mention it in the first line of the reply: "Using preset <name> (confidence: <level>)." See the Applying a preset subsection below for how the preset changes color/shape/edge/font decisions.
- Check deps — verify
draw.io --version succeeds; note platform for correct CLI path
- Plan — identify shapes, relationships, layout (LR or TB), group by tier/layer
- Generate — write
.drawio XML file to disk. Default output dir is the user's working dir; if the user specified an output path or directory (e.g. ./artifacts/, docs/images/), use that instead — mkdir -p the target dir first. Apply the same dir choice to PNG/SVG/PDF exports in steps 4 and 7.
- Export draft — run CLI to produce a preview PNG. Do NOT pass
-e at this step — the embedded zTXt mxGraphModel chunk it adds causes vision APIs (Claude included) to return 400 "Could not process image" in step 5. Save the clean preview as <name>.png (single extension). Embedding is for the final export only (step 7).
- Self-check — use the agent's built-in vision capability to read the exported PNG, catch obvious issues, auto-fix before showing user (requires a vision-enabled model such as Claude Sonnet/Opus). If reading the PNG returns a 400 / "Could not process image" error, you almost certainly exported with
-e by mistake — re-export without -e and retry once. If it still fails, skip self-check and continue to step 6.
- Review loop — show image to user, collect feedback, apply targeted XML edits, re-export, repeat until approved
- Final export — re-export the approved version to all requested formats. Use
-e here (PNG/SVG/PDF) so the deliverable stays editable in draw.io; save as <name>.drawio.png to signal embedded XML. For PNG with -e, run python3 <this-skill-dir>/scripts/repair_png.py <name>.drawio.png immediately after — draw.io's CLI truncates the IEND chunk in -e PNG output (8 bytes missing), producing a corrupt file that vision APIs and strict PNG decoders reject (issue #8). Report file paths.
Step 5: Self-Check
After exporting the draft PNG, use the agent's vision capability (e.g., Claude's image input) to read the image and check for these issues before showing the user. If the agent does not support vision, skip self-check and show the PNG directly.
Important: the draft PNG read here must have been exported without -e. Draw.io's -e flag emits a PNG with a truncated IEND chunk (8 bytes of type+CRC missing) that the Anthropic vision API rejects with 400 "Could not process image" (issue #8). The simplest fix for the preview step is to skip -e entirely; the final export in step 7 keeps -e and runs the repair snippet. If you see the 400 error here, re-export without -e and retry once; if it still fails (any other reason), skip self-check and proceed to step 6.
| Check | What to look for | Auto-fix action |
|---|
| Overlapping shapes | Two or more shapes stacked on top of each other | Shift shapes apart by ≥200px |
| Clipped labels | Text cut off at shape boundaries | Increase shape width/height to fit label |
| Missing connections | Arrows that don't visually connect to shapes | Verify source/target ids match existing cells |
| Off-canvas shapes | Shapes at negative coordinates or far from the main group | Move to positive coordinates near the cluster |
| Edge-shape overlap | An edge/arrow visually crosses through an unrelated shape | Add waypoints (<Array as="points">) to route around the shape, or increase spacing between shapes |
| Stacked edges | Multiple edges overlap each other on the same path | Distribute entry/exit points across the shape perimeter (use different exitX/entryX values) |
- Max 2 self-check rounds — if issues remain after 2 fixes, show the user anyway
- Re-export after each fix and re-read the new PNG
Step 6: Review Loop
After self-check, show the exported image and ask the user for feedback.
Targeted edit rules — for each type of feedback, apply the minimal XML change:
| User request | XML edit action |
|---|
| Change color of X | Find mxCell by value matching X, update fillColor/strokeColor in style |
| Add a new node | Append a new mxCell vertex with next available id, position near related nodes |
| Remove a node | Delete the mxCell vertex and any edges with matching source/target |
| Move shape X | Update x/y in the mxGeometry of the matching mxCell |
| Resize shape X | Update width/height in the mxGeometry of the matching mxCell |
| Add arrow from A to B | Append a new mxCell edge with source/target matching A and B ids |
| Change label text | Update the value attribute of the matching mxCell |
| Change layout direction | Full regeneration — rebuild XML with new orientation |
Rules:
- For single-element changes: edit existing XML in place — preserves layout tuning from prior iterations
- For layout-wide changes (e.g., swap LR↔TB, "start over"): regenerate full XML
- Overwrite the same
{name}.png (no -e) each iteration — do not create v1, v2, v3 files. -e is reserved for the final export in step 7.
- After applying edits, re-export and show the updated image
- Loop continues until user says approved / done / LGTM
- Safety valve: after 5 iteration rounds, suggest the user open the
.drawio file in draw.io desktop for fine-grained adjustments
Step 7: Final Export
Once the user approves:
- Export to all requested formats (PNG, SVG, PDF, JPG) — default to PNG if not specified
- Report file paths for both the
.drawio source file and exported image(s)
- Auto-launch: offer to open the
.drawio file in draw.io desktop for fine-tuning — open diagram.drawio (macOS), xdg-open (Linux), start (Windows)
- Confirm files are saved and ready to use
Style Presets
A style preset is a named JSON file capturing a user's visual preferences (palette, shapes, font, edges). When active, it fully replaces the built-in color/shape conventions in this skill.
Lookup order when SKILL.md's step 0.5 resolves a preset name:
~/.drawio-skill/styles/<name>.json — user presets (survive git pull)<this-skill-dir>/styles/built-in/<name>.json — shipped built-ins (default, corporate, handdrawn)
Always lowercase the user-provided name before any file operation — the schema enforces lowercase.
For everything else — Learn flow (extracting a preset from a file), management ops (list/default/delete/rename), application rules (color lookup, shape keywords, edges, fonts, extras, interaction with diagram-type presets), and validation — read references/style-presets.md. It's only needed when the user invokes those flows or when an active preset must be applied to the current generation.
Draw.io XML Structure
File skeleton
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<mxfile host="drawio" version="26.0.0">
<diagram name="Page-1">
<mxGraphModel>
<root>
<mxCell id="0" />
<mxCell id="1" parent="0" />
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
Rules:
id="0" and id="1" are required root cells — never omit them- User shapes start at
id="2" and increment sequentially
- All shapes have
parent="1" (unless inside a container — then use container's id)
- All text uses
html=1 in style for proper rendering
- Never use
-- inside XML comments — it's illegal per XML spec and causes parse errors
- Escape special characters in attribute values:
&, <, >, "
- Multi-line text in labels: use

 for line breaks inside value attributes (not literal \n). Example: value="Line 1
Line 2"
Shape types (vertex)
| Style keyword | Use for |
|---|
rounded=0 | plain rectangle (default) |
rounded=1 | rounded rectangle — services, modules |
ellipse; | circles/ovals — start/end, databases |
rhombus; | diamond — decision points |
shape=mxgraph.aws4.resourceIcon; | AWS icons |
shape=cylinder3; | cylinder — databases |
swimlane; | group/container with title bar |
Required properties
<mxCell id="2" value="Label" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#dae8fc;strokeColor=#6c8ebf;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="100" y="100" width="160" height="60" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="3" value="DB" style="shape=cylinder3;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#f5f5f5;strokeColor=#666666;fontColor=#333333;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="350" y="100" width="120" height="80" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="4" value="Check?" style="rhombus;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#fff2cc;strokeColor=#d6b656;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="100" y="220" width="160" height="80" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
Containers and groups
For architecture diagrams with nested elements, use draw.io's parent-child containment — do not just place shapes on top of larger shapes.
| Type | Style | When to use |
|---|
| Group (invisible) | group;pointerEvents=0; | No visual border needed, container has no connections |
| Swimlane (titled) | swimlane;startSize=30; | Container needs a visible title bar, or container itself has connections |
| Custom container | Add container=1;pointerEvents=0; to any shape | Any shape acting as a container without its own connections |
Key rules:
- Add
pointerEvents=0; to container styles that should not capture connections between children
- Children set
parent="containerId" and use coordinates relative to the container
<mxCell id="svc1" value="User Service" style="swimlane;startSize=30;fillColor=#dae8fc;strokeColor=#6c8ebf;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="100" y="100" width="300" height="200" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="api1" value="REST API" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;" vertex="1" parent="svc1">
<mxGeometry x="20" y="40" width="120" height="60" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="db1" value="Database" style="shape=cylinder3;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;" vertex="1" parent="svc1">
<mxGeometry x="160" y="40" width="120" height="60" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
Connector (edge)
CRITICAL: Every edge mxCell must contain a <mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry" /> child element. Self-closing edge cells (<mxCell ... edge="1" ... />) are invalid and will not render. Always use the expanded form.
<mxCell id="10" value="" style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;rounded=1;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto;html=1;" edge="1" parent="1" source="2" target="3">
<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="11" value="HTTP/REST" style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;rounded=1;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto;html=1;exitX=0.5;exitY=1;exitDx=0;exitDy=0;entryX=0.5;entryY=0;entryDx=0;entryDy=0;" edge="1" parent="1" source="2" target="4">
<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="12" value="" style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;rounded=1;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto;html=1;" edge="1" parent="1" source="3" target="5">
<mxGeometry relative="1" as="geometry">
<Array as="points">
<mxPoint x="500" y="50" />
</Array>
</mxGeometry>
</mxCell>
Edge style rules:
- Animated connectors: add
flowAnimation=1; to any edge style to show a moving dot animation along the arrow. Works in SVG export and draw.io desktop — ideal for data-flow and pipeline diagrams. Example: style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;flowAnimation=1;rounded=1;..."
- Always include
rounded=1;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto — these enable smart routing that avoids overlaps
- Pin
exitX/exitY/entryX/entryY on every edge when a node has 2+ connections — distributes lines across the shape perimeter
- Add
<Array as="points"> waypoints when an edge must detour around an intermediate shape
- Leave room for arrowheads: the final straight segment between the last bend and the target shape must be ≥20px long. If too short, the arrowhead overlaps the bend and looks broken. Fix by increasing node spacing or adding explicit waypoints
Distributing connections on a shape
When multiple edges connect to the same shape, assign different entry/exit points to prevent stacking:
| Position | exitX/entryX | exitY/entryY | Use when |
|---|
| Top center | 0.5 | 0 | connecting to node above |
| Top-left | 0.25 | 0 | 2nd connection from top |
| Top-right | 0.75 | 0 | 3rd connection from top |
| Right center | 1 | 0.5 | connecting to node on right |
| Bottom center | 0.5 | 1 | connecting to node below |
| Left center | 0 | 0.5 | connecting to node on left |
Rule: if a shape has N connections on one side, space them evenly (e.g., 3 connections on bottom → exitX = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75)
Color palette (fillColor / strokeColor)
Used only when no preset is active (see "Applying a preset" above).
| Color name | fillColor | strokeColor | Use for |
|---|
| Blue | #dae8fc | #6c8ebf | services, clients |
| Green | #d5e8d4 | #82b366 | success, databases |
| Yellow | #fff2cc | #d6b656 | queues, decisions |
| Orange | #ffe6cc | #d79b00 | gateways, APIs |
| Red/Pink | #f8cecc | #b85450 | errors, alerts |
| Grey | #f5f5f5 | #666666 | external/neutral |
| Purple | #e1d5e7 | #9673a6 | security, auth |
Layout tips
Spacing — scale with complexity:
| Diagram complexity | Nodes | Horizontal gap | Vertical gap |
|---|
| Simple | ≤5 | 200px | 150px |
| Medium | 6–10 | 280px | 200px |
| Complex | >10 | 350px | 250px |
Routing corridors: between shape rows/columns, leave an extra ~80px empty corridor where edges can route without crossing shapes. Never place a shape in a gap that edges need to traverse.
Grid alignment: snap all x, y, width, height values to multiples of 10 — this ensures shapes align cleanly on draw.io's default grid and makes manual editing easier.
General rules:
- Plan a grid before assigning x/y coordinates — sketch node positions on paper/mentally first
- Group related nodes in the same horizontal or vertical band
- Use
swimlane cells for logical grouping with visible borders
- Place heavily-connected "hub" nodes centrally so edges radiate outward instead of crossing
- To force straight vertical connections, pin entry/exit points explicitly on edges:
exitX=0.5;exitY=1;exitDx=0;exitDy=0;entryX=0.5;entryY=0;entryDx=0;entryDy=0
- Always center-align a child node under its parent (same center x) to avoid diagonal routing
- Event bus pattern: place Kafka/bus nodes in the center of the service row, not below — services on either side can reach it with short horizontal arrows (
exitX=1 left side, exitX=0 right side), eliminating all line crossings
- Horizontal connections (
exitX=1 or exitX=0) never cross vertical nodes in the same row; use them for peer-to-peer and publish connections
Avoiding edge-shape overlap:
- Before finalizing coordinates, trace each edge path mentally — if it must cross an unrelated shape, either move the shape or add waypoints
- For tree/hierarchical layouts: assign nodes to layers (rows), connect only between adjacent layers to minimize crossings
- For star/hub layouts: place the hub center, satellites around it — edges stay short and radial
- When an edge must span multiple rows/columns, route it along the outer corridor, not through the middle of the diagram
Export
Commands
There are two export modes:
- Preview / self-check (step 4 of the workflow) — no
-e. Output diagram.png. Required for vision self-check; using -e here triggers a 400 "Could not process image" error from the vision API (issue #8).
- Final / deliverable (step 7) — pass
-e. Output diagram.drawio.png. The embedded XML keeps the file editable in draw.io.
draw.io -x -f png -s 2 -o diagram.png input.drawio
draw.io -x -f png -e -s 2 -o diagram.drawio.png input.drawio
/Applications/draw.io.app/Contents/MacOS/draw.io -x -f png -s 2 -o diagram.png input.drawio
/Applications/draw.io.app/Contents/MacOS/draw.io -x -f png -e -s 2 -o diagram.drawio.png input.drawio
"C:\Program Files\draw.io\draw.io.exe" -x -f png -e -s 2 -o diagram.drawio.png input.drawio
export HOME=${HOME:-/tmp}
xvfb-run -a --server-args="-screen 0 1280x1024x24" \
draw.io -x -f png -e -s 2 -o diagram.drawio.png input.drawio --disable-gpu
draw.io -x -f svg -e -o diagram.svg input.drawio
draw.io -x -f pdf -e -o diagram.pdf input.drawio
mkdir -p ./artifacts && draw.io -x -f png -e -s 2 -o ./artifacts/diagram.drawio.png input.drawio
Post-export PNG repair (required after -e PNG export)
draw.io CLI truncates the IEND chunk when emitting -e PNGs — the file ends with the 4-byte IEND length field but the IEND type + CRC (8 bytes) are missing. Result: vision APIs return 400 "Could not process image" and strict PNG decoders error out. SVG/PDF are unaffected.
Run this immediately after every -e PNG export:
python3 <this-skill-dir>/scripts/repair_png.py diagram.drawio.png
The script's endswith(IEND) guard makes it a no-op once draw.io fixes the bug upstream — safe to run unconditionally.
Key flags:
-x — export mode (required)-f — format: png, svg, pdf, jpg-e — embed diagram XML in output (PNG, SVG, PDF) — exported file remains editable in draw.io. Skip for the preview PNG used in step 5 self-check — -e PNGs have a truncated IEND chunk that vision APIs reject (issue #8). For final PNG export, keep -e and run scripts/repair_png.py (see Post-export PNG repair). SVG/PDF unaffected.-s — scale: 1, 2, 3 (2 recommended for PNG)-o — output file path; accepts any directory (e.g. ./artifacts/diagram.drawio.png) — mkdir -p the target dir first. Use .drawio.png double extension when embedding.-b — border width around diagram (default: 0, recommend 10)-t — transparent background (PNG only)--page-index 0 — export specific page (default: all)
Browser fallback (no CLI needed)
When the draw.io desktop CLI is unavailable, generate a client-side viewer URL:
python3 <this-skill-dir>/scripts/encode_drawio_url.py input.drawio
Prints a https://viewer.diagrams.net/... URL with the diagram XML deflate-compressed and base64-encoded into the URL fragment. The fragment (after #) is never sent to the server, so nothing is uploaded — the diagram opens client-side for viewing and editing. Useful when the user cannot install the desktop app.
Fallback chain
When tools are unavailable, degrade gracefully:
| Scenario | Behavior |
|---|
| draw.io CLI missing, Python available | Use browser fallback (diagrams.net URL) |
| draw.io CLI missing, Python missing | Generate .drawio XML only; instruct user to open in draw.io desktop or diagrams.net manually |
| Vision unavailable for self-check | Skip self-check (step 5); proceed directly to showing user the exported PNG |
| Export fails (Chromium/display issues) | On Linux, retry with xvfb-run -a; if still failing, deliver .drawio XML and suggest manual export |
| Export fails on Linux server (headless) | Try in order: (1) xvfb-run -a, (2) append --no-sandbox at the very end if root, (3) add --disable-gpu, (4) export HOME=/tmp, (5) install apt deps (libgtk-3-0 libnotify4 libnss3 libgbm1 libasound2t64 etc.), (6) fall back to tomkludy/drawio-renderer Docker (REST API for headless export) |
Checking if draw.io is in PATH
if command -v draw.io &>/dev/null; then
DRAWIO="draw.io"
elif [ -f "/Applications/draw.io.app/Contents/MacOS/draw.io" ]; then
DRAWIO="/Applications/draw.io.app/Contents/MacOS/draw.io"
else
echo "draw.io not found — install from https://github.com/jgraph/drawio-desktop/releases"
fi
Common Mistakes
When something looks wrong (export fails, vision rejects a PNG, layout broken, edges misroute), see references/troubleshooting.md for a row-by-row mistake → fix table.
Diagram Type Presets
When the user requests a specific diagram type, read references/diagram-types.md for the matching preset (shapes, edges, layout direction). Pick by user phrasing:
| User says | Section in references/diagram-types.md |
|---|
| "ER diagram", "schema diagram", "data model" | ERD |
| "UML class diagram", "class diagram" | UML Class |
| "sequence diagram", "interaction diagram", "lifeline" | Sequence |
| "architecture", "system diagram", "service diagram" | Architecture |
| "neural network", "model architecture", "ML diagram", "deep learning" | ML / Deep Learning Model |
| "flowchart", "decision tree", "process flow" | Flowchart |
The diagram-type preset sets structural style keywords. If a user style preset is also active (see ## Style Presets), keep the structural keywords and layer color/font/edge/extras on top — read references/style-presets.md → "Interaction with diagram-type presets" for the merge rules.
