| name | performing-memory-forensics-with-volatility3 |
| description | Analyze volatile memory dumps using Volatility 3 to extract running processes, network connections, loaded modules, and evidence of malicious activity. |
| domain | cybersecurity |
| subdomain | digital-forensics |
| tags | ["forensics","memory-forensics","volatility","ram-analysis","malware-detection","incident-response"] |
| version | 1.0 |
| author | mahipal |
| license | Apache-2.0 |
| nist_csf | ["RS.AN-01","RS.AN-03","DE.AE-02","RS.MA-01"] |
| mitre_attack | ["T1005","T1074","T1119","T1070","T1059"] |
Performing Memory Forensics with Volatility 3
When to Use
- When analyzing a RAM dump from a compromised or suspect system
- During incident response to identify running malware, injected code, or rootkits
- When you need to extract credentials, encryption keys, or network connections from memory
- For detecting process hollowing, DLL injection, or hidden processes
- When disk-based forensics alone is insufficient and volatile data is critical
Prerequisites
- Python 3.7+ installed
- Volatility 3 framework installed (
pip install volatility3)
- Memory dump in raw, ELF, or crash dump format
- Appropriate symbol tables (ISF files) for the target OS version
- Sufficient disk space for analysis output (2-3x memory dump size)
- Optional: YARA rules for malware scanning in memory
Workflow
Step 1: Acquire Memory Dump and Install Volatility 3
pip install volatility3
git clone https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility3.git
cd volatility3
pip install -e .
wget https://downloads.volatilityfoundation.org/volatility3/symbols/windows.zip
unzip windows.zip -d /opt/volatility3/volatility3/symbols/
wget https://downloads.volatilityfoundation.org/volatility3/symbols/linux.zip
wget https://downloads.volatilityfoundation.org/volatility3/symbols/mac.zip
sudo insmod lime-$(uname -r).ko "path=/cases/memory/linux_mem.lime format=lime"
file /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw
ls -lh /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw
Step 2: Identify the Operating System Profile
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw banners
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.info
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/linux_mem.lime linux.info
Step 3: Enumerate Processes and Detect Anomalies
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.pslist | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/pslist.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.pstree | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/pstree.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.psscan | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/psscan.txt
diff <(vol -f memory.raw windows.pslist | awk '{print $1}' | sort) \
<(vol -f memory.raw windows.psscan | awk '{print $1}' | sort)
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.dlllist --pid 4532
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.malfind | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/malfind.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.memmap --pid 4532 --dump \
-o /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/dumps/
Step 4: Analyze Network Connections and Registry
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.netscan | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/netscan.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.netscan | grep ESTABLISHED
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.netscan | grep LISTENING
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.netstat | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/netstat.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.registry.hivelist
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.registry.printkey \
--key "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run"
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.svcscan | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/services.txt
Step 5: Extract Credentials and Sensitive Data
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.hashdump | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/hashes.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.lsadump
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.cachedump
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.strings --pid 4532 \
| grep -iE '(password|credential|token|api.key)'
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.cmdline | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/cmdline.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.envars --pid 4532
Step 6: Scan for Malware with YARA Rules
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw yarascan \
--yara-file /opt/yara-rules/malware_index.yar | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/yara_hits.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw yarascan \
--yara-file /opt/yara-rules/apt_rules.yar --pid 4532
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.modules | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/modules.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.modscan | tee /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/modscan.txt
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.ssdt | grep -v "ntoskrnl\|win32k"
vol -f /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw windows.dumpfiles --pid 4532 \
-o /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/extracted/
Step 7: Compile Findings into a Report
echo "=== MEMORY FORENSICS REPORT ===" > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "Image: memory.raw" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "OS: Windows 10 Build 19041" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "--- Suspicious Processes ---" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
cat /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/malfind.txt >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "--- Network Connections ---" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
cat /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/netscan.txt >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
echo "--- YARA Matches ---" >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
cat /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/yara_hits.txt >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
sha256sum /cases/case-2024-001/memory/memory.raw >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/memory_report.txt
Key Concepts
| Concept | Description |
|---|
| Volatile data | Information that exists only in RAM and is lost when power is removed |
| Process hollowing | Technique where malware replaces legitimate process memory with malicious code |
| DLL injection | Loading unauthorized DLLs into a running process address space |
| EPROCESS | Windows kernel structure representing a process; basis for process listing |
| Pool scanning | Searching memory for kernel object signatures to find hidden artifacts |
| VAD (Virtual Address Descriptor) | Memory management structure tracking process virtual memory regions |
| ISF (Intermediate Symbol Format) | Volatility 3 symbol table format for OS-specific structure definitions |
| Malfind | Plugin detecting injected code by examining VAD permissions and content |
Tools & Systems
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|
| Volatility 3 | Primary open-source memory forensics framework |
| LiME | Linux Memory Extractor for acquiring Linux RAM dumps |
| WinPmem | Windows physical memory acquisition driver |
| DumpIt | Comae one-click Windows memory dump utility |
| YARA | Pattern matching engine for malware signature scanning |
| Rekall | Alternative memory forensics framework (Google) |
| MemProcFS | Memory process file system for memory analysis |
| strings | Extract printable strings from binary memory dumps |
Common Scenarios
Scenario 1: Active Malware Investigation
Acquire memory with DumpIt, run pslist/pstree to identify suspicious processes, use malfind to detect injected code in svchost.exe, dump the injected memory segment, scan with YARA rules identifying Cobalt Strike beacon, extract C2 IP from netscan, correlate with network logs.
Scenario 2: Credential Theft After Breach
Run hashdump and lsadump to extract cached credentials, identify mimikatz execution in cmdline output, check for lsass.exe memory dumps in filesystem artifacts, correlate with lateral movement evidence in network connections.
Scenario 3: Rootkit Detection
Compare pslist (uses EPROCESS linked list) with psscan (pool scanning) to find unlinked processes, check modules vs modscan for hidden kernel drivers, examine SSDT for hooks redirecting system calls, dump suspicious modules for static analysis.
Scenario 4: Ransomware Incident Recovery
Extract encryption keys from ransomware process memory before system shutdown, identify the ransomware variant using YARA, find the initial execution point through command line artifacts, map lateral movement via network connections.
Output Format
Memory Forensics Analysis:
Image: memory.raw (16 GB)
OS Identified: Windows 10 x64 Build 19041
Capture Time: 2024-01-18 14:32:15 UTC
Process Analysis:
Total Processes: 87
Hidden Processes: 2 (PIDs: 4532, 6128)
Injected Processes: 3 (malfind detections)
Suspicious: svchost.exe (PID 4532) - injected code at 0x7FFE0000
Network Connections:
Total: 45
Established: 12
Suspicious: 3 (C2 connections to 185.xx.xx.xx:443)
Credentials Found:
NTLM Hashes: 4 accounts
Cached Creds: 2 domain accounts
YARA Matches:
CobaltStrike_Beacon: PID 4532 (3 hits)
Mimikatz_Memory: PID 6128 (1 hit)
Extracted Artifacts: 15 files dumped to /analysis/extracted/