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Create SQLAlchemy base model with UUID, timestamp, and soft delete mixins for FastAPI
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Configure Alembic for async SQLAlchemy migrations with PostgreSQL
Create FastAPI application factory with lifespan, middleware, pagination, and router configuration
| name | fastapi-core-models |
| description | Create SQLAlchemy base model with UUID, timestamp, and soft delete mixins for FastAPI |
This skill covers creating the base SQLAlchemy model and reusable mixins for UUID primary keys, timestamps, and soft delete functionality.
Create src/app/core/models.py:
from datetime import datetime
from uuid import UUID, uuid4
from sqlalchemy import DateTime, func
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID as PG_UUID
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, declared_attr, mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):
"""
Base class for all SQLAlchemy models.
Includes AsyncAttrs for proper async lazy loading support.
All models should inherit from this class.
"""
@declared_attr.directive
def __tablename__(cls) -> str:
"""
Generate table name from class name.
Converts CamelCase to snake_case and pluralizes.
Example: UserProfile -> user_profiles
"""
re
name = re.sub(, , cls.__name__).lower()
:
: Mapped[UUID] = mapped_column(
PG_UUID(as_uuid=),
primary_key=,
default=uuid4,
sort_order=-,
)
:
created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
DateTime(timezone=),
server_default=func.now(),
nullable=,
sort_order=,
)
updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
DateTime(timezone=),
server_default=func.now(),
onupdate=func.now(),
nullable=,
sort_order=,
)
:
deleted_at: Mapped[datetime | ] = mapped_column(
DateTime(timezone=),
nullable=,
default=,
index=,
sort_order=,
)
() -> :
.deleted_at
When creating entity models, combine the mixins:
# src/app/items/models.py
from sqlalchemy import String, Text
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
from app.core.models import Base, UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, SoftDeleteMixin
class Item(UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, SoftDeleteMixin, Base):
"""Item model with UUID, timestamps, and soft delete."""
__tablename__ = "items" # Explicit table name (optional)
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=False)
description: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
The above model generates:
CREATE TABLE items (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
description TEXT,
created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW() NOT NULL,
updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW() NOT NULL,
deleted_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
);
CREATE INDEX ix_items_deleted_at ON items (deleted_at);
Always use this order when inheriting:
class MyModel(UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, SoftDeleteMixin, Base):
This ensures:
id appears first (sort_order=-100)SQLAlchemy 2.0 uses Mapped[] for all column definitions:
# Required field
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
# Optional field
description: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
# With default
is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=True)
# Foreign key
user_id: Mapped[UUID] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id"))
from sqlalchemy import (
String, # VARCHAR(n)
Text, # TEXT (unlimited)
Integer, # INTEGER
BigInteger, # BIGINT
Float, # FLOAT
Numeric, # DECIMAL(precision, scale)
Boolean, # BOOLEAN
DateTime, # TIMESTAMP
Date, # DATE
JSON, # JSONB (PostgreSQL)
Enum, # ENUM type
)
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import (
UUID, # UUID
ARRAY, # ARRAY type
JSONB, # JSONB (explicit)
)
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
class User(UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, Base):
__tablename__ = "users"
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
# One-to-many relationship
items: Mapped[list["Item"]] = relationship(
back_populates="user",
lazy="selectin", # Async-safe loading
)
class Item(UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, Base):
__tablename__ = "items"
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
user_id: Mapped[UUID] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id"))
# Many-to-one relationship
user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="items")
For async contexts, use these loading strategies:
| Strategy | Use Case |
|---|---|
lazy="selectin" | Load related objects in separate SELECT |
lazy="joined" | Load with JOIN (use sparingly) |
lazy="raise" | Raise error if accessed (explicit loading only) |
Avoid lazy="select" (default) - it triggers implicit I/O in async context.
from sqlalchemy import Index
class Item(UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin, Base):
__tablename__ = "items"
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), index=True)
status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
category: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
# Composite index
__table_args__ = (
Index("ix_items_status_category", "status", "category"),
)