Tests APIs for excessive data exposure where endpoints return more data than the client application needs, relying on the frontend to filter sensitive fields. The tester intercepts API responses and analyzes them for leaked PII, internal identifiers, debug information, or sensitive business data that the UI does not display but the API transmits. This maps to OWASP API3:2023 Broken Object Property Level Authorization. Activates for requests involving API data leakage testing, excessive data exposure, response filtering bypass, or API over-fetching.
Tests APIs for excessive data exposure where endpoints return more data than the client application needs, relying on the frontend to filter sensitive fields. The tester intercepts API responses and analyzes them for leaked PII, internal identifiers, debug information, or sensitive business data that the UI does not display but the API transmits. This maps to OWASP API3:2023 Broken Object Property Level Authorization. Activates for requests involving API data leakage testing, excessive data exposure, response filtering bypass, or API over-fetching.
import re
SENSITIVE_PATTERNS = {
"email": r'[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}',
"phone": r'(\+?1?\s?\(?\d{3}\)?[\s.-]?\d{3}[\s.-]?\d{4})',
"ssn": r'\b\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}\b',
"credit_card": r'\b(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|5[1-5][0-9]{14}|3[47][0-9]{13})\b',
"password_hash": r'\$2[aby]?\$\d{2}\$[./A-Za-z0-9]{53}',
"api_key": r'(?:api[_-]?key|apikey)["\s:=]+["\']?([a-zA-Z0-9_\-]{20,})',
"internal_ip": r'\b(?:10\.\d{1,3}|172\.(?:1[6-9]|2\d|3[01])|192\.168)\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\b',
"aws_key": r'AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16}',
"jwt_token": r'eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]+',
"uuid": r'[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}',
}
SENSITIVE_FIELD_NAMES = [
"password", "password_hash", "secret", "token", "ssn", "social_security",
"credit_card", "card_number", "cvv", "pin", "private_key", "api_key",
"internal_id", "debug", "trace", "stack_trace", "created_by_ip",
"last_login_ip", "salt", "session_id", "refresh_token", "mfa_secret",
"date_of_birth", "bank_account", "routing_number", "tax_id"
]
defscan_response(endpoint, response_text):
findings = []
# Check for sensitive data patterns in valuesfor pattern_name, pattern in SENSITIVE_PATTERNS.items():
matches = re.findall(pattern, response_text)
if matches:
findings.append({
"endpoint": endpoint,
"type": "sensitive_value",
"pattern": pattern_name,
"count": len(matches),
"sample": matches[0][:20] + "..."iflen(matches[0]) > 20else matches[0]
})
# Check for sensitive field names
response_lower = response_text.lower()
for field in SENSITIVE_FIELD_NAMES:
iff'"{field}"'in response_lower orf"'{field}'"in response_lower:
findings.append({
"endpoint": endpoint,
"type": "sensitive_field",
"field_name": field
})
return findings
# Scan all endpoint responsesfor method, path, body in endpoints_to_test:
resp = requests.request(method, f"{BASE_URL}{path}", headers=headers, json=body)
if resp.status_code == 200:
findings = scan_response(f"{method}{path}", resp.text)
for f in findings:
print(f"[FINDING] {f['endpoint']}: {f['type']} - {f.get('pattern', f.get('field_name'))}")
Step 3: Compare UI Display vs API Response
# Fields the UI shows (observed from the frontend application)
ui_displayed_fields = {
"/users/me": {"name", "email", "avatar_url", "role"},
"/users/me/orders": {"order_id", "date", "status", "total"},
"/products": {"id", "name", "price", "image_url", "description"},
}
# Fields the API actually returnsfor method, path, body in endpoints_to_test:
resp = requests.request(method, f"{BASE_URL}{path}", headers=headers, json=body)
if resp.status_code == 200:
data = resp.json()
ifisinstance(data, list):
actual_fields = set(data[0].keys()) if data elseset()
elifisinstance(data, dict):
# Handle paginated responses
items_key = next((k for k in data ifisinstance(data[k], list)), None)
if items_key and data[items_key]:
actual_fields = set(data[items_key][0].keys())
else:
actual_fields = set(data.keys())
else:
continue
expected = ui_displayed_fields.get(path, set())
excess = actual_fields - expected
if excess:
print(f"\n{method}{path} - EXCESS FIELDS (not shown in UI):")
for field insorted(excess):
print(f" - {field}")
Step 4: Test User Object Exposure in Related Endpoints
# Many APIs embed full user objects in responses for orders, comments, etc.
endpoints_with_user_objects = [
"/orders", # Each order may include full seller/buyer profile"/comments", # Comments may include full author profile"/reviews", # Reviews may expose reviewer details"/transactions", # Transactions may include counterparty info"/team/members", # Team listing may expose excessive member data
]
for path in endpoints_with_user_objects:
resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}{path}", headers=headers)
if resp.status_code == 200:
text = resp.text
# Check for user data leakage in nested objects
user_fields_found = []
for field in ["password_hash", "last_login_ip", "mfa_enabled", "phone_number",
"date_of_birth", "ssn", "internal_notes", "salary", "address"]:
iff'"{field}"'in text:
user_fields_found.append(field)
if user_fields_found:
print(f"[EXCESSIVE] {path} exposes user fields: {user_fields_found}")
Step 5: GraphQL Over-Fetching Analysis
# GraphQL allows clients to request any available field
GRAPHQL_URL = f"{BASE_URL}/graphql"# Introspection query to discover all fields on User type
introspection = {
"query": """
{
__type(name: "User") {
fields {
name
type {
name
kind
}
}
}
}
"""
}
resp = requests.post(GRAPHQL_URL, headers=headers, json=introspection)
if resp.status_code == 200:
fields = resp.json().get("data", {}).get("__type", {}).get("fields", [])
print("Available User fields via GraphQL:")
for f in fields:
sensitivity = "SENSITIVE"if f["name"] in SENSITIVE_FIELD_NAMES else"normal"print(f" {f['name']} ({f['type']['name']}) [{sensitivity}]")
# Try to query sensitive fields
sensitive_query = {
"query": """
query {
users {
id
email
passwordHash
socialSecurityNumber
internalNotes
lastLoginIp
mfaSecret
apiKey
}
}
"""
}
resp = requests.post(GRAPHQL_URL, headers=headers, json=sensitive_query)
if resp.status_code == 200and"errors"notin resp.json():
print("[CRITICAL] GraphQL exposes sensitive user fields without restriction")
Step 6: Debug and Internal Data Leakage
# Test for debug information in responses
debug_headers_to_check = [
"X-Debug-Token", "X-Debug-Info", "Server", "X-Powered-By",
"X-Request-Id", "X-Correlation-Id", "X-Backend-Server",
"X-Runtime", "X-Version", "X-Build-Version"
]
resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/me", headers=headers)
for h in debug_headers_to_check:
if h.lower() in {k.lower(): v for k, v in resp.headers.items()}:
print(f"[INFO LEAK] Header {h}: {resp.headers.get(h)}")
# Test error responses for stack traces
error_payloads = [
("GET", "/users/invalid-id-format", None),
("POST", "/orders", {"invalid": "payload"}),
("GET", "/users/-1", None),
("GET", "/users/0", None),
]
for method, path, body in error_payloads:
resp = requests.request(method, f"{BASE_URL}{path}", headers=headers, json=body)
if resp.status_code >= 400:
text = resp.text.lower()
ifany(kw in text for kw in ["stack trace", "traceback", "at com.", "at org.",
"file \"", "line ", "exception", "sql", "query"]):
print(f"[DEBUG LEAK] {method}{path} -> {resp.status_code}: Contains stack trace or query info")
Key Concepts
Term
Definition
Excessive Data Exposure
API returns more data fields than the client needs, relying on frontend filtering to hide sensitive information from users
Over-Fetching
Requesting or receiving more data than needed for a specific operation, common in REST APIs that return fixed response schemas
Response Filtering
Client-side filtering of API response data to display only relevant fields, which provides zero security since the full response is interceptable
Object Property Level Authorization
OWASP API3:2023 - ensuring that users can only read/write object properties they are authorized to access
PII Leakage
Unintended exposure of Personally Identifiable Information in API responses including names, emails, addresses, SSNs, or financial data
Schema Validation
Enforcing that API responses conform to a defined schema, stripping unauthorized fields before transmission
Tools & Systems
Burp Suite Professional: Intercept API responses and use the Comparer tool to diff expected vs actual response schemas
mitmproxy: Scriptable proxy for automated response analysis with Python-based content inspection scripts
OWASP ZAP: Passive scanner detects information disclosure in headers, error messages, and response bodies
Postman: Compare documented response schemas against actual API responses using test scripts
jq: Command-line JSON processor for extracting and analyzing specific fields from API responses
Common Scenarios
Scenario: Mobile Banking API Data Exposure Assessment
Context: A mobile banking application's API returns full account objects to the mobile client, which only displays account nickname and balance. The API is accessed by both iOS and Android apps and a web portal.
Approach:
Configure mitmproxy on a test device and authenticate as the test user
Capture all API responses during a complete user session (login, view accounts, transfer, logout)
Analyze GET /api/v1/accounts response: UI shows 4 fields but API returns 23 fields
Discover that the API returns routing_number, account_holder_ssn_last4, internal_risk_score, kyc_verification_status, and linked_external_accounts - none shown in UI
Analyze GET /api/v1/transactions response: API returns merchant_id, terminal_id, authorization_code, processor_response fields not needed by the client
Check GET /api/v1/users/me: API returns last_login_ip, mfa_backup_codes_remaining, account_officer_name, and credit_score_band
Test error responses: POST /api/v1/transfers with invalid payload returns SQL table name in error message
Pitfalls:
Only checking top-level fields and missing sensitive data in deeply nested objects
Not testing paginated responses where subsequent pages may include different fields
Ignoring response headers that may leak server version, backend technology, or internal routing information
Missing data exposure in error responses which often contain stack traces, SQL queries, or internal paths
Assuming that HTTPS encryption prevents data exposure (it protects in transit, not from the authenticated client)
Output Format
## Finding: Excessive Data Exposure in Account and Transaction APIs
**ID**: API-DATA-001
**Severity**: High (CVSS 7.1)
**OWASP API**: API3:2023 - Broken Object Property Level Authorization
**Affected Endpoints**:
- GET /api/v1/accounts
- GET /api/v1/transactions
- GET /api/v1/users/me
**Description**:
The API returns full database objects to the client, including sensitive fields
that are not displayed in the mobile application UI. The mobile app filters
these fields client-side, but they are fully accessible by intercepting the
API response. This exposes SSN fragments, internal risk scores, and KYC
verification data for any authenticated user.
**Excess Fields Discovered**:
- /accounts: routing_number, account_holder_ssn_last4, internal_risk_score,
kyc_verification_status, linked_external_accounts (18 excess fields total)
- /transactions: merchant_id, terminal_id, authorization_code,
processor_response (12 excess fields total)
- /users/me: last_login_ip, mfa_backup_codes_remaining, credit_score_band
**Impact**:
An authenticated user can extract sensitive financial data, internal risk
assessments, and PII for their own account that the application is not
intended to reveal. Combined with BOLA vulnerabilities, this data could
be extracted for all users.
**Remediation**:
1. Implement server-side response filtering using DTOs/view models that only include fields needed by the client
2. Use GraphQL field-level authorization or REST response schemas per endpoint per role
3. Remove sensitive fields from API responses at the serialization layer
4. Implement response schema validation in the API gateway to strip undocumented fields
5. Add automated tests that verify response schemas match documentation
