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Adversaries may use steganographic techniques to hide command and control traffic to make detection efforts more difficult.
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npx skills add https://github.com/CyberStrikeus/CyberStrike --skill t1001-002-steganography명령은 한 줄로 유지됩니다. 복사하기 전에 가로로 스크롤해 전체 내용을 확인하세요.
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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
SOC 직업 분류 기준
SKILL.md 표시 중
| name | T1001.002_steganography |
| description | Adversaries may use steganographic techniques to hide command and control traffic to make detection efforts more difficult. |
| category | configuration |
| version | 18.1 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["mitre-attack","enterprise","t1001.002","command-and-control","linux","macos","windows","esxi","sub-technique"] |
| technique_id | T1001.002 |
| tactic | command-and-control |
| all_tactics | ["command-and-control"] |
| platforms | ["Linux","macOS","Windows","ESXi"] |
| mitre_url | https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/002 |
| tech_stack | ["linux","macos","windows","esxi"] |
| cwe_ids | ["CWE-300"] |
| chains_with | ["T1001","T1001.001","T1001.003"] |
| prerequisites | ["T1001"] |
| severity_boost | {"T1001":"Chain with T1001 for deeper attack path","T1001.001":"Chain with T1001.001 for deeper attack path","T1001.003":"Chain with T1001.003 for deeper attack path"} |
Sub-technique of: T1001
Adversaries may use steganographic techniques to hide command and control traffic to make detection efforts more difficult. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital messages that are transferred between systems. This hidden information can be used for command and control of compromised systems. In some cases, the passing of files embedded using steganography, such as image or document files, can be used for command and control.
Platforms: Linux, macOS, Windows, ESXi
The following tests are from Atomic Red Team and provide actionable ways to test this technique:
This atomic test, named "Steganographic Tarball Embedding", simulates the technique of data obfuscation via steganography by embedding a tar archive file (tarball) within an image.
The test begins by ensuring the availability of the image file and the tarball file containing data . It then generates random passwords and saves them to a file. Subsequently, the tarball file is created, containing the passwords file. The test executor command reads the contents of the image file and the tarball file as byte arrays and appends them together to form a new image file. This process effectively embeds the tarball file within the image, utilizing steganography techniques for data obfuscation.
This atomic test simulates the technique of data obfuscation via steganography, enabling attackers to clandestinely transfer files across systems undetected. By embedding the tarball file within the image, adversaries can obscure their activities, facilitating covert communication and data exfiltration.
windows Yes
Get-Content "#{image_file}", "#{tar_file}" -Encoding byte -ReadCount 0 | Set-Content "#{new_image_file}" -Encoding byte
Dependencies:
This atomic test demonstrates the technique of data obfuscation via steganography, where a PowerShell script is concealed within an image file. The PowerShell script is embedded using steganography techniques, making it undetectable by traditional security measures. The script is hidden within the pixels of the image, enabling attackers to covertly transfer and execute malicious code across systems.
The test begins by ensuring the availability of the malicious image file and the Extract-Invoke-PSImage script. The test proceeds to extract the hidden PowerShell script (decoded.ps1) from the image file using the Extract-Invoke-PSImage tool. The extracted script is then decoded from base64 encoding and saved as a separate PowerShell (textExtraction.ps1). Consequently, the textExtraction.ps1 script is executed.
In the case of this atomic test, the malicious image file which is downloaded has the powershell command Start-Process notepad embedded within in base64. This is done to emulate an attackers behaviour in the case they were to execute malware embedded within the image file.
Supported Platforms: windows Elevation Required: Yes
cd "PathToAtomicsFolder\ExternalPayloads\"
Import-Module .\Extract-Invoke-PSImage.ps1
$extractedScript=Extract-Invoke-PSImage -Image "#{image_file}" -Out "$HOME\result.ps1"
$scriptContent = Get-Content "$HOME\result.ps1" -Raw
$base64Pattern = "(?<=^|[^A-Za-z0-9+/])(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{4})*(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{2}(==)?|[A-Za-z0-9+/]{3}=)?(?=$|[^A-Za-z0-9+/])"
$base64Strings = [regex]::Matches($scriptContent, $base64Pattern) | ForEach-Object { $_.Value }
$base64Strings | Set-Content "$HOME\decoded.ps1"
$decodedContent = Get-Content "$HOME\decoded.ps1" -Raw
$decodedText = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String($decodedContent))
$textPattern = '^.+'
$textMatches = [regex]::Matches($decodedText, $textPattern) | ForEach-Object { $_.Value }
$scriptPath = "$HOME\textExtraction.ps1"
$textMatches -join '' | Set-Content -Path $scriptPath
. "$HOME\textExtraction.ps1"
Dependencies:
This atomic test demonstrates the execution of an embedded script in an image file using steganography techniques. The script is first encoded in base64 and then embedded within the pixels of the image. The modified image is created, and the script is extracted and executed on the target system.
Supported Platforms: linux
cat "#{script}" | base64 | xxd -p | sed 's/../& /g' | xargs -n1 | xxd -r -p | cat "#{image}" - > "#{evil_image}"; strings "#{evil_image}" | tail -n 1 | base64 -d | sh
If Atomic Red Team tests are not applicable, manually verify the technique by:
Identify Attack Surface: Determine if the target environment is susceptible to Steganography by examining the target platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows).
Assess Existing Defenses: Review whether mitigations for T1001.002 are in place. If defenses are absent or misconfigured, this technique may be exploitable.
Execute Test: Use tools and methods described in the MITRE ATT&CK page and external references below.
Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate some obfuscation activity at the network level.
| Finding | Severity | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Steganography technique applicable | Low | Command And Control |
| CWE ID | Title |
|---|---|
| CWE-300 | Channel Accessible by Non-Endpoint |