| name | swarm-router |
| description | Use ONLY when the user explicitly asks the AI assistant to route, dispatch, fan-out, split, or parallelize a task across multiple AI model CLIs (Claude / Codex / Gemini / Copilot's many models) — phrases like "usa lo swarm", "swarm:", "/swarm", "instrada", "fan-out", "route this task", "scegli il modello migliore per", "delega allo swarm", "best model for this", "ensemble", "second opinion da", "team mode", "parallel-dev", "sviluppa in parallelo", "swarm parallel", "fai team", "build with a team". Four modes: single dispatch, sequential pipeline, parallel fan-out, and parallel-team. Works across any harness that can read this SKILL.md (Claude Code, Copilot, Gemini CLI, Codex) — the dispatch mechanism differs per harness (see Harness-specific dispatch). Hierarchical orchestration only — there is NO peer-to-peer messaging between different model CLIs. NEVER invoke this skill on your own; only when the user explicitly uses one of the trigger phrases above. |
swarm-router
User-invoked task router across Claude / Codex / Gemini / any-model-via-Copilot. The user owns the trigger; the orchestrator (whichever AI harness is reading this skill) owns the classification, dispatch, and aggregation.
This is hierarchical orchestration, not a true swarm. Different model CLIs do not message each other — the orchestrator classifies, dispatches via shell or skill invocation, and stitches results back together verbatim. Read Architecture truth before extending this skill.
When to invoke
Invoke only when the user's message explicitly asks for routing across models or a "best model" decision:
- "usa lo swarm per ...", "delega allo swarm ...", "instrada ...", "scegli il modello migliore per ..."
- "swarm: ...", "/swarm ...", "fan-out ...", "ensemble ..."
- "route this task ...", "best model for ...", "second opinion da ..."
- "team mode", "parallel-dev", "sviluppa in parallelo", "swarm parallel", "fai team", "build with a team"
- "fai questo task con tre modelli", "chiedi anche a Codex e Gemini"
When NOT to invoke
- The user explicitly names exactly one model — call that CLI directly.
- The user asks the orchestrator to do the task itself. Token cost alone is not a swarm trigger.
- The task depends on the orchestrator's unsaved in-memory state. Save needed context to disk first or ask one short clarification.
- The task needs harness-specific tools (MCP servers, slash commands, in-process state) that other CLIs cannot access.
If intent is ambiguous, ask one short question. Do not guess.
Architecture truth
What this skill IS:
- A classifier + dispatcher that decides which model to call.
- Four modes: single, sequential, parallel fan-out, parallel-team.
- A verbatim aggregator that labels each model's contribution.
- Harness-aware: dispatch implementation differs per orchestrator. Same skill, three runtime profiles.
- Aware that Copilot is a multiplexer, not a model —
copilot --model <name> (or the copilot-delegate skill if the orchestrator is Claude) can target any of: Claude (Opus 4.7 / Sonnet 4.6, 4.5, 4 / Haiku 4.5), GPT (5.5, 5.4, 5.2, mini, codex), or free tiers (gpt-4.1, gpt-5-mini at 0× cost).
What this skill is NOT:
- A peer-to-peer swarm between Codex, Gemini, and Claude. That doesn't exist today. Different model CLIs run in separate shell processes with no mailbox protocol between them.
- A wrapper around Anthropic Agent Teams. Agent Teams is peer-to-peer but Claude-only and experimental — out of scope.
- A wrapper around AionUi's Team MCP Server. AionUi (open-source, Apache-2.0) does real multi-agent coordination via its custom ACP protocol, but it's a desktop app — not a CLI skill. If true peer-to-peer multi-model is required, evaluate AionUi separately.
- A way to bypass per-model auth, quotas, or sandboxing. Each CLI enforces its own.
Specialization matrix (2026 benchmarks)
Use this matrix to classify the task. Numbers cited are from public benchmarks (SWE-bench Verified, Terminal-Bench 2.0, blind code-review evals) — treat as priors, not certainties.
| Capability | Strongest model | Why |
|---|
| Implementation, agentic loops, edge-case hunting | Claude (Opus 4.7) | SWE-bench #1 (~87.6%); won 67% of blind code-review evals vs Codex |
| Frontend HTML/CSS, Figma→code, SVG, visual fidelity | Gemini (3.x Pro) | Higher visual fidelity, better padding/contrast/SVG geometry; less "AI-designed" output |
| Big-context architectural reads (>200k tokens) | Gemini (3.x Pro) | 1M-token context window |
| Code review, security/diff audit, second opinion | Codex (GPT-5.x) | Surfaces security reasoning more often; cheap second opinion vs Opus |
| Terminal/DevOps/scripting/sys-admin | Codex (GPT-5.x) | Terminal-Bench 2.0 leader (77.3% vs 65.4%); ~4× more token-efficient |
| GPT-5.5 standalone (not Codex-tuned) | GPT-5.5 via Copilot | Reachable only through Copilot CLI |
| Cheap one-shot Q&A, summaries, classification | Free tier via Copilot | gpt-4.1 and gpt-5-mini are 0× cost on Copilot quota |
| Tasks requiring this session's in-memory state | Orchestrator only | Other CLIs can't see it |
Trigger words → model quick lookup:
| Words in user's task | Default route |
|---|
| UI, component, HTML, CSS, Tailwind, Figma, mockup, SVG, icon, layout, dark mode | Gemini |
| review, audit, security, diff, PR, lint, smell, refactor-safety | Codex |
| script, bash, zsh, Dockerfile, CI, GH Actions, deploy, sysadmin | Codex |
| summarize, "leggi tutto", >200k tokens, big log, big repo Q&A | Gemini (1M context) |
| bug, edge case, integration test, end-to-end feature, debugging | Claude (orchestrator-local if it is Claude, else delegate) |
| "the best", "more thorough", "double-check" | parallel fan-out (Claude + Codex + Gemini) |
| "free", "gratis", "budget zero", "non costare nulla" | Copilot free tier (gpt-4.1 or gpt-5-mini) |
Modes of execution
Pick the lightest mode that fits the task. Default to single unless the user asks for more.
- Mode 1 — single: one dispatch, one model, one answer. ~80% of routings. Works in every harness.
- Mode 2 — sequential pipeline: A's output feeds B (e.g. Gemini writes UI → Codex reviews). Works in every harness.
- Mode 3 — parallel fan-out: same prompt to N models, synthesize answers. For competing hypotheses / second opinions. Works in every harness (mechanism differs).
- Mode 4 — parallel-team: split a complex feature into N disjoint subtasks, spawn N parallel workers, each delegating its work to the specialist model best suited to its role. Mode 4 quality depends on the harness — Claude Code has the cleanest implementation (native subagent in-process); Copilot/Gemini fall back to shell-parallel background processes, which works but loses coordination guarantees.
Harness-specific dispatch
The skill is identical; the dispatch implementation depends on which AI tool is reading this file. Follow the section that matches your current harness.
When the orchestrator is Claude Code
Claude Code is the reference implementation — every primitive maps cleanly.
| Target | Mechanism |
|---|
| Claude (self) | In-session work. No delegation needed. |
| Claude via Copilot | Invoke copilot-delegate skill via Skill tool, --model claude-opus-4.7|sonnet|haiku. |
| Gemini | Invoke gemini-delegate skill via Skill tool. Use --approval-mode plan for read-only. |
| Codex CLI | Invoke codex-delegate skill via Skill tool. Use --sandbox read-only for audits. |
| GPT via Copilot | Invoke copilot-delegate skill, --model gpt-5.5|gpt-5.4|gpt-5.3-codex|.... |
| Free tier (Copilot) | Invoke copilot-delegate skill, --model gpt-4.1 or gpt-5-mini (0× cost). |
| Mode 4 subagents | Spawn N parallel subagents via the Agent tool — send all Agent calls in one message so they run concurrently. Each subagent is a fresh Claude with its own context; in its prompt, instruct it to invoke the matching *-delegate skill for its specialist work. Cap N ≤ 4. |
When the orchestrator is GitHub Copilot
Copilot reads this SKILL.md as plain instructions (no Skill tool, no Agent tool). Dispatch is shell-based.
| Target | Mechanism |
|---|
| Copilot (self, any model) | Direct model swap, no shell-out: just continue working under copilot --model <name>. If user already runs copilot --model claude-opus-4.7, you ARE Opus. |
| Different Copilot model | Out-of-band: tell the user "switch to copilot --model <X> for this subtask" — Copilot cannot self-restart with a new model mid-session. Alternative: shell-out to a new copilot process (see below). |
| Gemini | gemini --approval-mode plan -p "$(cat <<'EOF'\n<prompt>\nEOF\n)" via shell. |
| Codex CLI | codex exec --sandbox read-only --ask-for-approval never --color never --output-last-message /dev/stdout - <<'EOF' ... EOF via shell. |
| Claude Code (one-shot) | claude -p "<prompt>" via shell — useful when the orchestrator Copilot needs Claude as a tool. |
| Free-tier sub-call (within Copilot session) | copilot -p "<prompt>" --model gpt-4.1 --allow-all-tools --allow-all-paths --log-level none as a child process. |
| Mode 4 subagents | Shell parallelism, no in-process subagent. Background the N CLI calls and wait:
bash\n(gemini -p "..." > /tmp/swarm/frontend.out 2>&1) &\nGEMI_PID=$!\n(codex exec ... > /tmp/swarm/a11y.out 2>&1) &\nCDX_PID=$!\n# ... orchestrator does Claude work here in foreground\nwait $GEMI_PID $CDX_PID\n
Cap N ≤ 3 in Copilot — coordination overhead and wait semantics make 4+ unreliable. No file-ownership enforcement at runtime; you must trust the prompt boundaries. Write outputs to /tmp/swarm/<role>.out (or %TEMP%\swarm\<role>.out on Windows) and read them back after wait finishes. |
Copilot-specific caveats:
copilot -p requires --allow-all-tools (or --yolo) to run unattended. Without it the child process hangs on approval.- Use
--log-level none to keep child output clean — the orchestrator parses it.
- When using
--effort high, expect 2–3× longer wall time per call; don't fan-out high-effort calls in parallel without explicit user opt-in (premium-request cost balloons).
When the orchestrator is Gemini CLI
Gemini CLI reads SKILL.md as instructions (or via its activate_skill mechanism if configured). Dispatch is shell-based, mirroring Copilot.
| Target | Mechanism |
|---|
| Gemini (self) | In-session work. No delegation needed. |
| Claude Code | claude -p "<prompt>" via shell. |
| Codex CLI | codex exec ... - <<'EOF' ... EOF via shell. |
| Copilot (any model) | copilot -p "<prompt>" --model <name> --allow-all-tools --allow-all-paths --log-level none via shell. |
| Mode 4 subagents | Shell parallelism, same pattern as Copilot. Cap N ≤ 3. No file-ownership enforcement at runtime. |
When the orchestrator is Codex CLI
Codex CLI reads AGENTS.md and follows skill instructions referenced by absolute path. Dispatch is shell-based.
| Target | Mechanism |
|---|
| Codex (self) | In-session work. |
| Claude Code | claude -p "<prompt>" via shell. |
| Gemini | gemini -p ... --approval-mode plan via shell. |
| Copilot (any model) | copilot -p ... --model <name> via shell. |
| Mode 4 subagents | Shell parallelism, same as Copilot/Gemini. Codex's --sandbox flag only affects Codex itself, not child processes. |
Modes — implementation notes
Mode 1 — single (default)
Classify → pick one target → invoke per the Harness-specific dispatch table → return verbatim with a one-line preamble naming the chosen model and reason. ~80% of routings.
Mode 2 — sequential pipeline
A's output feeds B. Always:
- Run stage A.
- Save stage A's output to a temp file (so stage B reads from disk, not from the orchestrator's context).
- Run stage B, pointing it at the temp file.
- Return a single combined block.
Never chain more than 3 stages without explicit user confirmation.
Mode 3 — parallel fan-out
Send the same prompt to 2–3 models in parallel, then synthesize.
- Claude Code orchestrator: invoke the delegate skills in a single message (parallel tool calls).
- Copilot / Gemini / Codex orchestrator: shell parallelism with
& + wait. Pipe each CLI's output to a temp file, read all files back after wait.
Cap at 3 models. Synthesis cites which model said what for divergent points; convergent points need no attribution.
Never fan-out for trivial questions — it burns the user's quota across three providers for nothing.
Mode 4 — parallel-team (subagent / process-parallel dev swarm)
Use when the user wants a complex feature built in parallel with multiple specialists working concurrently — phrases like "team mode", "parallel-dev", "sviluppa in parallelo", "swarm parallel", "fai team", "build with a team".
Mechanism:
- Split: orchestrator decomposes the feature into N disjoint subtasks, each with a clear role and a file ownership boundary so two workers never edit the same file.
- Assign a specialist model per role from the Specialization matrix.
- Spawn N workers in parallel per the harness rules:
- Claude Code: native
Agent tool, all calls in one message (cap N ≤ 4).
- Copilot / Gemini / Codex: shell background processes +
wait (cap N ≤ 3).
- Aggregate: when all workers finish, emit a single combined block — one section per worker + a Synthesis section with integration points, conflicts spotted, recommended merge order, and cost breakdown per provider.
Hard rules (all harnesses):
- File ownership is non-negotiable: list every file/directory each worker may write to. If two subtasks need the same file, sequence them via Mode 2 instead.
- Each worker gets its own context window. Its prompt must be self-contained.
- Cost transparency: state which provider's quota each worker burns.
- No native enforcement outside Claude Code: in Copilot/Gemini/Codex, file ownership is enforced only by prompt discipline. Audit
git status after Mode 4 finishes to spot boundary violations.
Output contract
Always return one block in this exact shape. No prose before or after.
---
swarm-mode: single | sequential | parallel-fanout | parallel-team
swarm-orchestrator: claude-code | copilot | gemini-cli | codex
swarm-route:
- <model-name> (<dispatch mechanism>) — <one-line reason>
- <model-name> (<dispatch mechanism>) — <one-line reason> # only if multi-step
file-ownership: # ONLY for parallel-team
- <worker role>: <comma-separated paths it may write>
task: <one-line summary of the user's request, ≤120 chars>
---
## <stage / worker role / model name>
<verbatim output from that worker, byte-for-byte>
## <next stage / worker role> # only for sequential, fan-out, or parallel-team
<verbatim output>
## Synthesis # for parallel-fanout AND parallel-team
<For parallel-fanout: merged answer citing which model contributed each divergent point.>
<For parallel-team: integration points across workers, conflicts spotted, recommended merge order, cost breakdown per provider.>
Trim only:
- Each CLI's metadata footer (token usage, "Changes/Requests/Tokens" summary blocks).
- ANSI color escape sequences.
Do not rewrite, summarize, translate, or "fix" any model's output. Synthesis is the one place where the orchestrator is allowed to merge — and even there, divergent points must cite the source model.
If any worker fails, surface the error verbatim in that stage's block and continue with the remaining stages. Don't silently retry, don't broaden permissions, and don't fall back to doing the task yourself.
Examples
Example 1 — single (UI task → Gemini)
User: "usa lo swarm: scrivi il componente RatePicker in React+Tailwind con i 4 stati visivi"
Classification: UI/React/Tailwind → Gemini. Orchestrator invokes Gemini per its harness rules and returns:
---
swarm-mode: single
swarm-orchestrator: <whichever harness ran>
swarm-route:
- Gemini 2.5 Pro — UI/React/Tailwind specialization
task: Build React+Tailwind RatePicker component with 4 visual states.
---
## Gemini 2.5 Pro
<verbatim gemini output>
Example 2 — sequential pipeline (Gemini → Codex)
User: "swarm: Gemini scrive la pagina di onboarding, poi falla revisionare a Codex per accessibility"
Pipeline:
- Gemini builds onboarding page → writes
frontend/src/app/onboarding/page.tsx.
- Codex (
--sandbox read-only) reads the file and reports a11y issues.
Example 3 — parallel fan-out (competing hypotheses)
User: "swarm fan-out: perché il rate-review submit fallisce in QA? Chiedi a tutti e tre"
Fan-out the same prompt (with log path attached) to Claude + Codex + Gemini in parallel, then synthesize. The orchestrator's harness determines the mechanism (Claude Code: 3 parallel tool calls; Copilot/Gemini/Codex: 3 background shell processes).
Example 4 — Copilot multiplexer (free-tier classification + paid execution)
User: "swarm: classifica questi 200 messaggi support come bug/feature/question (gratis se possibile) e poi per ogni 'bug' fai una bozza di reply professionale"
Two-stage routing mixing free and paid tiers within Copilot:
- Classification →
gpt-4.1 (0× cost) reads the JSON file and emits a category map.
- Reply drafting (only for
bug items) → claude-sonnet-4.6 via Copilot (1×) drafts the replies.
Example 5 — Cross-harness sanity check (fan-out)
User: "swarm fan-out: chiedi a Opus locale e a Opus via Copilot la stessa analisi del modulo auth. Voglio vedere se rispondono uguale."
Same model, two harnesses. Useful to spot harness-specific bias.
Example 6 — parallel-team in Claude Code (dev swarm with 3 specialist subagents)
User: "swarm parallel-dev: implementa la feature RatePicker end-to-end. Frontend in React+Tailwind, backend NestJS endpoint, accessibility review finale."
Lead Claude decomposes into 3 disjoint subtasks with file ownership boundaries, picks specialist models, then spawns 3 subagents in a single message so they run concurrently:
[frontend-specialist] — Gemini specialty. Owns frontend/src/components/RatePicker.{tsx,test.tsx}.[backend-specialist] — Claude in-session subagent (no further delegation). Owns backend/src/rates/*.[a11y-reviewer] — Codex specialty. Read-only on the frontend file once it exists.
Each subagent prompt explicitly instructs which *-delegate skill to invoke for its specialist work. Lead aggregates with a Synthesis section listing integration points and cost breakdown.
Example 7 — parallel-team in Copilot (shell-parallel dev swarm)
User: "swarm parallel-dev (sono su Copilot): stesso RatePicker end-to-end"
Same split as Example 6, but the dispatch is shell-parallel since Copilot has no native subagent primitive. Orchestrator Copilot writes:
mkdir -p /tmp/swarm
(gemini --approval-mode auto_edit --skip-trust -p "$(cat <<'EOF'
You are the frontend specialist. Build frontend/src/components/RatePicker.tsx
with 4 visual states (idle/hover/selected/disabled). React + Tailwind.
File ownership boundary: only RatePicker.tsx and RatePicker.test.tsx.
EOF
)" > /tmp/swarm/frontend.out 2>&1) &
GEMI_PID=$!
(sleep 60 && codex exec --cd $(pwd) --sandbox read-only --ask-for-approval never \
--color never --output-last-message /dev/stdout - <<'EOF' > /tmp/swarm/a11y.out 2>&1
Review frontend/src/components/RatePicker.tsx for a11y once it exists.
Report issues with severity, focus on keyboard nav and ARIA.
EOF
) &
CDX_PID=$!
wait $GEMI_PID $CDX_PID
echo "=== FRONTEND ==="; cat /tmp/swarm/frontend.out
echo "=== A11Y ==="; cat /tmp/swarm/a11y.out
Then Copilot aggregates the three outputs into the standard combined block. Caveats vs Claude Code:
- No atomic spawn — frontend and a11y race; the
sleep 60 is a brittle barrier (replace with file-existence polling in production).
- No per-subagent context window — each child CLI process is fresh, same as Claude Code, but the orchestrator can't
Shift+Down into one and steer.
- File ownership is prompt-only. Audit
git status after.
Example 8 — refused routing
User: "usa lo swarm per leggere quella variabile in memoria che abbiamo creato prima"
Decline (politely): the variable is in the orchestrator's session memory; no other CLI can see it. Ask whether to dump it to disk first or do the read locally — no swarm needed.
Cost-aware defaults
If the user does not specify a model tier:
- Throwaway classification / short Q&A → Copilot free tier (
gpt-4.1 or gpt-5-mini, 0× cost). Use this also for the swarm-router's own classification step when unsure which lane fits — it's literally free.
- Cheap summaries at scale → Gemini Flash (
gemini-2.5-flash) or Copilot Haiku (claude-haiku-4.5, 0.33×). Pick by which quota the user wants to spend.
- Code review / security audit → Codex default (1× on OpenAI quota) or Copilot Codex (1× on GitHub quota).
- UI implementation → Gemini Pro (default).
- Heavy implementation / edge cases → Claude in-session (no extra cost if orchestrator is Claude) or Copilot Opus if Claude turn-limit is the bottleneck.
- Parallel fan-out → Pro tier per model unless user says "cheap fan-out" (then Flash + Sonnet/Codex 1× + free-tier GPT).
Tell the user which tier you picked in the swarm-route block reason. They can override on the next turn.
Edge cases
- Task is half UI, half backend → split into two subtasks, sequential mode (Gemini → Claude or vice versa, by data flow). Don't dump a mixed task on one model.
- User asks for "all three but only the best wins" → parallel-fanout, then in Synthesis pick the best answer and mark the others as discarded with one-line reasons.
- One target is not authenticated → return its auth error verbatim in its stage block, complete the other stages, and tell the user how to authenticate (e.g. "run
gemini interactively once").
- Quota exhausted on one provider → don't silently substitute. Return the quota error verbatim and ask the user how to proceed.
- User asks to involve >3 models → push back. Only Claude, Codex, Gemini, Copilot's many models are useful CLIs today. Additional copies of the same model are not a swarm.
- Synthesis would leak orchestrator bias → in parallel-fanout, synthesize neutrally: list points each model raised, mark unique vs shared. Avoid the orchestrator "voting" on its own answer.
- (Mode 4) Two workers need the same file → split is wrong. Either sequence via Mode 2 or extract a helper module so ownership stays clean.
- (Mode 4) Worker B depends on worker A's output → keep in the same wave but state the dependency in B's prompt ("wait until
<path> exists before reading"). In shell-parallel harnesses (Copilot/Gemini/Codex), implement the barrier with an explicit until [ -f <path> ]; do sleep 2; done loop in B's command, not with arbitrary sleep N.
- (Mode 4) One worker fails or returns garbage → surface its failure verbatim in its section, mark the file-ownership block as
partial, and ask the user whether to respawn that single worker or fall back to the orchestrator.
- (Mode 4) Dirty worktree on files the team would touch → confirm with the user before spawning. The team will overwrite uncommitted changes if boundaries overlap them.
- (Copilot/Gemini/Codex orchestrator) Child CLI hangs → enforce a per-child shell timeout (
timeout 600 gemini -p ...). Default 10 min.
- (Copilot orchestrator) Child
copilot -p triggers approval prompt → always include --allow-all-tools --allow-all-paths --log-level none. Without these the child hangs.
NONoise integration
When this skill is scaffolded by create-nonoise:
- The skill lives in
packages/skills/swarm-router/SKILL.md and is copied/symlinked into .claude/skills/swarm-router/ of each scaffolded project.
- The generated context files reference it per-harness:
CLAUDE.md → "When the user says 'swarm: …' or 'parallel-dev: …', invoke the swarm-router Skill tool.".github/copilot-instructions.md → "When the user says 'swarm: …' or 'parallel-dev: …', read .claude/skills/swarm-router/SKILL.md and follow it (you are the Copilot orchestrator — apply the Copilot section)."GEMINI.md → "When the user says 'swarm: …' or 'parallel-dev: …', read .claude/skills/swarm-router/SKILL.md and follow it (you are the Gemini orchestrator — apply the Gemini CLI section)."AGENTS.md → "When the user says 'swarm: …' or 'parallel-dev: …', read .claude/skills/swarm-router/SKILL.md and follow it (apply the section matching your harness)."
- Skill is registered in
docs/skills-catalog.md under the Multi-model orchestration domain.
- Cross-tool tier: first-class on Claude Code (cleanest Mode 4 via
Agent tool); best-effort on Copilot / Gemini / Codex (Mode 1/2/3 first-class, Mode 4 via shell-parallel with documented caveats).
Composition with subagent-driven-development (Claude Code only)
This skill is stand-alone by design. It does not auto-inject into superpowers:subagent-driven-development or superpowers:dispatching-parallel-agents. To use it inside a Super Powers flow, name it explicitly in your plan step:
Step 4: Build the rate-picker UI.
Use the swarm-router skill to route this UI work to Gemini, then have Codex review the diff.
Or as a one-liner: "swarm: " inside the plan.
