mckinsey-problem-solving

name	mckinsey-problem-solving
description	Apply McKinsey & Company's methodology for critical thinking and structured problem solving. Use for: analyzing complex business problems, structuring arguments, building issue trees, applying MECE, writing recommendations, structuring presentations with the Pyramid Principle, crafting SCQA narratives, synthesizing findings with the So What test, and thinking like a management consultant.

Overview

This skill encodes McKinsey's complete problem-solving methodology — the same approach used on multi-billion dollar client engagements. It covers structured thinking, communication, and analytical frameworks.

Read reference files when needed:

• references/frameworks.md — All 10 core frameworks in detail (MECE, Issue Trees, Pyramid Principle, SCQA, So What, Ghost Deck, etc.)
• references/seven_step_process.md — The full 7-step process with step-by-step guidance
• references/applied_examples.md — Worked examples for business problems, strategy questions, presentations, and meeting responses

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Core Philosophy

McKinsey's edge is not intelligence — it is process. The methodology forces clarity at every step:

1. Define before analyzing. Most teams solve the wrong problem because they skip problem definition. Spend disproportionate time here.
2. Structure before data. Build the issue tree before collecting data. The structure reveals where the answer is likely to be.
3. Hypothesize before analyzing. Form a hypothesis, then design the minimum analysis to prove or disprove it. Never "boil the ocean."
4. Synthesize, don't summarize. Clients pay for insight, not data. Every finding must answer "So what does this mean for the decision?"
5. Lead with the answer. Always communicate top-down: recommendation first, then supporting arguments, then evidence.

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The 7-Step Process (Quick Reference)

Step	Goal	Key Tool
1. Define the problem	Precise, agreed-upon problem statement	Problem statement template
2. Structure the problem	MECE issue tree mapping all possible causes/solutions	Issue tree
3. Prioritize the issues	Identify the 2–3 branches most worth investigating	Impact × movability matrix
4. Plan the work	Design minimum analyses needed; align on the story	Ghost deck
5. Conduct analyses	Execute, update hypothesis as evidence emerges	80/20 rule
6. Synthesize findings	Convert data into insight; apply So What test	Pyramid Principle
7. Communicate	Lead with answer; use SCQA to open; action-oriented close	SCQA + Pyramid

For full step-by-step guidance, read references/seven_step_process.md.

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When Applying This Skill

For problem analysis tasks:

1. Start with Step 1: write a precise problem statement before anything else.
2. Build an issue tree (Step 2) — draw it out, ensure each level is MECE.
3. State your initial hypothesis explicitly before looking at data.
4. Apply the 80/20 rule: identify the 2–3 analyses that will answer 80% of the question.
5. Synthesize findings using the So What test before writing any output.

For communication and writing tasks:

1. Identify the governing thought (the single most important message).
2. Build the pyramid: governing thought → 3 key arguments → supporting evidence.
3. Open with SCQA: Situation → Complication → Question → Answer.
4. Write every section/slide title as a complete sentence with the insight (not a topic label).
5. End with specific, prioritized next steps.

For structuring any breakdown or list:

1. Apply MECE: check for overlaps (ME) and gaps (CE).
2. Use the ME test: "Can I change one element independently of the others?"
3. Use the CE test: "Are there any other conditions that must be true?"
4. Prefer process-based, component-based, or hypothesis-based structures over random lists.

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Key Principles at a Glance

Principle	Rule
MECE	No overlaps, no gaps — in every breakdown
Hypothesis-driven	Form a view first, then test it
80/20	Do the minimum analysis to reach a defensible answer
So What	Every finding must state its implication for the decision maker
Pyramid	Lead with the answer, support with arguments, back with evidence
SCQA	Open with Situation → Complication → Question → Answer
Ghost deck	Outline the story before building the slides
Problem definition	Spend 20–30% of total effort here — it is the highest-leverage step

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Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Jumping to analysis before defining the problem precisely.
• Building non-MECE lists (overlapping or incomplete categories).
• Summarizing instead of synthesizing — presenting data without the "So what."
• Burying the answer at the end of a presentation instead of leading with it.
• Boiling the ocean — analyzing everything instead of prioritizing the critical path.
• Confusing observations with hypotheses — "Revenue declined" is an observation; "Revenue declined because of pricing pressure" is a hypothesis.
• Skipping the ghost deck — building slides before aligning on the story.