menus

name

menus

description

Use when authoring or modifying Synchronet Terminal Server display/menu files — anything in `text/`, `text/menu/`, `mods/text/`, `mods/text/menu/`, `data/subs/<code>.*`, `data/dirs/<code>.*`. Covers Ctrl-A (^A) attribute codes, @-code message variables, the file-extension priority by terminal type (rip/ans/mon/asc/msg/seq/utf8), .Xcol/.cX width variants, language overlays, security gating, mouse hotspots, and the C++/JS/Baja entry points that render these files. For the runtime string database (`ctrl/text.dat`, `ctrl/text.ini`, `ctrl/text.<lang>.ini`) see the `text` skill. Trigger on tasks like "add help menu file", "fix CGA brown color", "show this only to sysops", "make this prompt work on PETSCII", "what @-codes are available in this context", "why isn't my .ans file being picked up", "wire @SHOW:LEVEL40@", or any work that touches the look/content of what a remote BBS user sees.

Synchronet menu and display files

Reference (authoritative):

• Ctrl-A codes: https://wiki.synchro.net/custom:ctrl-a_codes
• @-codes (message variables): https://wiki.synchro.net/custom:atcodes
• Text file locations: https://wiki.synchro.net/config:text_files
• Menu file conventions: https://wiki.synchro.net/custom:menu_files
• Related — the runtime string database (ctrl/text.dat, ctrl/text.ini, language overlays): see the text skill.

This skill describes the display-file side of customization: what a sysop sees inside text/, text/menu/, and the related mods/text/ overrides — the full-screen .ans / .msg / .utf8 / .rip files, plus the smaller .msg / .asc snippets — and how those bytes turn into pixels on a remote user's terminal. The runtime string database (ctrl/text.dat and its text.ini runtime overrides — the per-prompt one-liners that the BBS code emits via text[ID]) is covered by the text skill; text.dat is mentioned here only where the rendering machinery is shared (Ctrl-A codes, @-codes including @TEXT:N@ and @MENU:foo@).

Building / running the BBS itself is covered by the synchronet-build and jsexec skills.

File-system layout

<sbbs>/
├── ctrl/text.dat         # all hard-coded BBS prompts/strings (one record per line)
├── text/
│   ├── *.msg / *.ans     # login flow + special screens (answer, welcome, sbbs, feedback…)
│   ├── *.can             # trash-can filter files (name.can, file.can, ip.can…)
│   ├── menu/             # the meat: per-shell, per-section menus and help screens
│   │   ├── <lang>/       # optional language overlay (matches useron.lang)
│   │   ├── main.*        # main menu (default.src shell)
│   │   ├── mailread.*    # reading-mail menu
│   │   └── …
│   └── QWK/              # files packed into outgoing .qwk packets
├── data/
│   ├── subs/<code>.*     # info file for a sub-board (used by 'I' / 'IS')
│   └── dirs/<code>.*     # info file for a file directory (used by 'ID')
└── mods/
    └── text/             # sysop overrides; takes priority over <sbbs>/text/
        └── menu/

text/ ships with Synchronet and is overwritten on update. mods/text/ and mods/text/menu/ are checked first when both exist — that's where a sysop puts their customizations so a pull / installer won't blow them away. (Configured under SCFG → System → Advanced Options → MODS directory.)

File-extension priority by terminal type

A single base name (e.g. main) may have multiple variants on disk. menu() walks the candidates in this order and stops at the first match:

User's terminal	First	Then
RIPscrip	.rip	→ .ans → .msg → .asc
ANSI / CP437 colour	.ans	→ .msg → .asc
ANSI / CP437 monochrome	.mon	→ .ans → .msg → .asc
ANSI / ASCII colour	.ans	→ .asc → .msg
ANSI / ASCII monochrome	.mon	→ .ans → .asc → .msg
PETSCII	.seq	→ .msg → .asc
TTY / CP437	.msg	→ .asc
TTY / ASCII	.asc	→ .msg
UTF-8	.utf8	→ (falls back through the matching above)

Rule of thumb when authoring one file for everyone: name it foo.msg (CP437 + Ctrl-A) or foo.asc (plain ASCII + Ctrl-A) and skip the rest. Ctrl-A codes are stripped automatically on terminals that don't render them. Design that single file to display legibly on a 40-column terminal when possible — see "Designing for narrow terminals" below. A user on a 40-col client (mobile telnet, retro hardware) will see the same file an 80-col user does unless you ship .40col.<ext> / .c40.<ext> width-specific variants alongside it, and those add maintenance cost.

Width-specific variants

Pattern	Meaning
foo.40col.ans	Exact 40-column terminal
foo.80col.ans	Exact 80-column terminal
foo.c80.ans	Minimum 80 columns (widest .cX ≤ user width wins)
foo.ans	Default fallback

Exact-width files are preferred over minimum-width which is preferred over the generic file.

Language overlay

If useron.lang is set and the menu code doesn't already contain /, menu() tries <lang>/<code>.<ext> first under both text/menu/ and mods/text/menu/. Localized menus live in text/menu/<lang>/ (and the matching text.<lang>.ini lives in ctrl/).

Random menus

logon*.{ans,msg,…} and a random* glob — menu() picks one at random when the code contains * or ?.

Where files actually get rendered (call sites)

From	Call	Notes
C++ (sbbs)	sbbs->menu("code", mode, jsobj)	Resolves under text/menu/, applies all the priority above
C++ (sbbs)	sbbs->printfile(path, mode, org_cols, jsobj)	Lower-level — pass an absolute or full-relative path
C++ (sbbs)	sbbs->menu_exists(code, ext, outpath)	Probe without rendering — useful for conditional UI
JavaScript	bbs.menu("code", mode, scope_obj)	Same lookup rules as the C++ version
JavaScript	console.printfile("path", mode)	Lower-level path-based
JavaScript	console.printtail("path", lines, mode)	Tail-only display
Baja (PCMS)	MNU code	Compiles to menu() under the hood
text.dat record	@MENU:foo@, @CONDMENU:foo@	Inline include of a menu file from a text.dat string
text.dat record	@INCLUDE:path@, @TYPE:path@	Inline include of an arbitrary file
Mode flags worth knowing on printfile / menu: P_NOABORT, P_NOATCODES, P_NOCRLF, P_NOERROR, P_OPENCLOSE, P_CPM_EOF, P_HONOR_PAUSE, P_NOPAUSE (see sbbsdefs.js / sbbs.h).

The default menu() modes already set P_OPENCLOSE | P_CPM_EOF. Pass P_NOERROR to suppress the "file not found" error if a menu is optional.

Ctrl-A codes (^A)

A Ctrl-A code is a 2-byte sequence: the literal byte 0x01 (Ctrl-A) followed by one operand char. In text.dat and JS/Baja source they appear as \1X or \x01X — the runtime stuffs the actual 0x01 byte at load time. In binary .msg / .ans files the byte is literal (see cat -v → ^A).

For BBS-wide Ctrl-A colour substitution — "retheme every \1g to \1m", or any one-operand-to-another rewrite that should apply to every string the BBS emits without you editing files individually — don't use attr.ini. attr.ini only repaints named colour slots (userhigh, nodestatus, chatlocal, etc.) used by specific code paths; literal \1G bytes embedded in .msg/.ans/text.dat lines are dispatched directly by con_out.cpp's ctrl_a() and cannot be remapped by attr.ini — which is what trips most sysops who grep their text/ tree, find hundreds of hard-coded ^AGs, and conclude "there's no global knob." There is — it's just in a different file.

Add this to ctrl/text.ini:

[substr]
\1g: \1m

Then touch ctrl/recycle.term to load it. The [substr] substitution is applied to every string going out to a user, regardless of source (.msg file, .ans file, text.dat line, JS-built output) — so a single line reaches everywhere ^AG appears. Repeat for \1G/\1H\1G if you want bright green → bright magenta too.

For the full [substr] traps (case-sensitive matches, the don't-substitute-short-tokens warning, the global-applies-to-everything implication) and the rest of text.ini — [JS] overrides, per-language overlays, the by-ID override section — see the text skill.

The one exception is the file-embed form: Ctrl-A "filename (the " operand, then a filename terminated by another Ctrl-A or end-of-line).

Colors

Color	Fg ^A	Bg ^A
Black	K	0
Red	R	1
Green	G	2
Yellow / Brown	Y	3
Blue	B	4
Magenta	M	5
Cyan	C	6
White / Gray	W	7

Attributes

Code	Meaning
H	High intensity (sticky — stays until N)
I	Blink (slow), terminal-permitting
E	Bright background (iCE colors) — v3.17c+
f	Set blink only if the alternate Blink-font is active (v3.17+)
F	Set blink only if alternate High-Intensity Blink-font is active (v3.17+)
N	Normal — resets both High and Blink to defaults (light gray)
-	Optimized normal: only resets if High/Blink/iCE bg is set (or pops attr stack)
_	Optimized normal: only resets if Blink or iCE bg is set
+	Push current attributes onto LIFO stack

- does double duty: with a non-empty attribute stack it pops; with an empty stack it's optimized-normal. _ is unconditional optimized-normal (resets only blink/iCE-bg, never pops).

| X | Rainbow (wraps) — uses attr.ini rainbow key | | x | Rainbow (repeat last) — attr.ini rainbow key | | U | Sysop user-defined high (userhigh in attr.ini) | | u | Sysop user-defined low (userlow in attr.ini) | | V | Mnemonic high (mnehigh) | | v | Mnemonic low (mnelow) |

Control

Code	Meaning
P	Pause prompt ("Hit a key")
Q	Reset auto-pause line counter
L	CLS + clear hotspots + home cursor
'	Home cursor (no clear)
,	Delay 0.1 s
;	Delay 0.5 s
.	Delay 2.0 s
J	Clear to end of screen
>	Clear to end of line
<	Non-destructive backspace (cursor left)
[	CR (cursor to column 1)
]	LF (cursor down)
/	Conditional newline — emits CRLF only if not already at column 1 (v3.17+)
\	Conditional line-continuation prefix (LongLineContinuationPrefix in text.dat)
?	Conditional blank line — emits a blank line only if previous wasn't blank
~X	Hungry mouse hotspot (single-char command X)
`X	Strict mouse hotspot (single-char command X)
A	Emit a literal Ctrl-A byte
z	Emit a literal Ctrl-Z (v3.17c+)
Z	Premature end-of-file (stop rendering)
D	Macro: current system date
T	Macro: current system time
S	Sync node status (calls nodesync())
"name	Embed file text/name inline (until next Ctrl-A or EOL)
128-255	Move cursor right (code - 127) columns

Security gating

These hide / show downstream text based on the current user. The level codes (!@#$%^&*() are documented toggles — emitting the same code a second time turns visibility back. ) re-enables display for everyone unconditionally. The A–Z flag codes show following text only to users with that Flag Set #1 flag set.

Code	Gate
A–Z	Show following only to users with Flag Set #1 flag A–Z
!	Toggle off/on for users < level 10
@	Hide from users < level 20
#	Hide from users < level 30
$	Hide from users < level 40
%	Hide from users < level 50
^	Hide from users < level 60
&	Hide from users < level 70
*	Hide from users < level 80
(	Hide from users < level 90
)	Restore display to ALL users

Note: ^A followed by A is overloaded — in the colour table it means "emit literal Ctrl-A", but in security context it means "show only if flag A". The parser disambiguates by what's currently in flight. Don't lean on this; use @SHOW:ars@ (below) for non-trivial gating.

Sticky-high-intensity and the CGA-brown gotcha

• Setting ^AH once makes every subsequent color change bright until ^AN resets it. So ^AH^AY and ^AY^AH both produce bright yellow; bare ^AY after a reset produces CGA brown (dim yellow).
• When you need a multi-color prompt without re-pairing ^AH, set ^AH early and then ride it: ^AH^AYText (^AW?^AY=help): ^AN.
• Background colors 0–7 are not affected by H; use ^AE for bright backgrounds (iCE colors).

@-codes (message variables)

@-codes are @NAME@ macros expanded at display time by the runtime. They work in:

• text.dat strings,
• text/menu/* files (every supported extension),
• text/*.msg login-flow files,
• email and sub-board messages only if posted by user #1 (the sysop) — otherwise left as plain text,
• explicit bbs.atcode("CODE") JS calls.

The code name is always uppercase (e.g. @SYSOP@, not @Sysop@). Exception: text-string IDs from text.dat used as @-codes preserve their mixed-case spelling.

Format modifiers

Append after the code name with - (one modifier, no params) or | (multiple modifiers OK, params via : OK):

Modifier	Effect
L	Pad/left-justify
R	Pad/right-justify
C	Pad/center (v3.17b+)
W	Display double-wide (Unicode fullwidth or padded)
Z	Zero-pad and right-justify (v3.17b+)
T	Thousands-separated number (v3.17c+)
U	Force uppercase (v3.18a+)
>	Allow terminal-wrap (don't truncate) overly-long expansions

Width comes after the modifier as a decimal number (@NODE|L2@) or as a string of non-numeric non-space placeholder characters (@ALIAS|R##############@ for a 14-wide right-justified alias).

Param-bearing codes (use : after the code)

Suffix	Means
[:b]	Byte-count format: B/K/M/G/V(verbal)
[:d]	Duration format: F/!/A/T/B/V/C/W/D/S/M
:t	strftime format string (use \x20 for space, \x3A for :)

Example: @DATE:%Y-%m-%d\x20%H:%M:%S@ → 2026-05-17 12:34:56.

Frequently-used @-codes (representative, not exhaustive)

System / dynamic: @VER@ @VER_NOTICE@ @BBS@ @SYSOP@ @INETADDR@ @LOCATION@ @SERVED@ @NODE@ @TNODES@ @DATE@ @TIME@ @DATETIME@ @UPTIME[:d]@

Current user: @ALIAS@ @REALNAME@ @FIRST@ @USERNUM@ @SEC@ @TIMELEFT@ @MAILW@ @MAILU@ @CREDITS[:b]@ @LASTON[:t]@ @CALLS@

Current message context: @MSG_FROM@ @MSG_TO@ @MSG_SUBJECT@ @MSG_DATE@ @SMB_SUB@ @SMB_AREA@ @CONF@

Current file context: @FILE_NAME@ @FILE_DESC@ @FILE_SIZE@ @FILE_AREA@ @LIB@ @DIR@

Terminal control / formatting: @CLS@ @CLEAR@ @PAUSE@ @CRLF@ @CENTER@ @WRAP@ @WRAPOFF@ @TRUNCATE@ @TRUNCOFF@ @COLS@ @ROWS@ @CHARSET@ @TERM@ @HANGUP@

Cursor: @HOME@ @UP:n@ @DOWN:n@ @LEFT:n@ @RIGHT:n@ @GOTOXY:x,y@ @POS:x@ @PUSHXY@ @POPXY@ @CLR2EOL@ @CLR2EOS@ @CLRLINE@

Special characters (terminal-aware): @CHECKMARK@ @COPY@ @TRADEMARK@ @ELLIPSIS@ @DEGREE_C@ @DEGREE_F@ @U+20AC@ (any Unicode codepoint) @U+code:fallback@ — explicit fallback string for non-UTF-8 terminals.

Gating / conditional: @SYSONLY@ — toggle off/on for non-sysops @SHOW:ars@ — show following only if user matches ARS (e.g. @SHOW:LEVEL40@) @SHOW@ — turn display back on for all users @ONOFF:ars@ — emit "On" or "Off" by ARS @YESNO:ars@ — emit "Yes" or "No" by ARS

External content: @MENU:foo@, @CONDMENU:foo@ — inline render another menu file @TYPE:path@, @INCLUDE:path@ — inline render an arbitrary file @EXEC:module arg arg@ — run a Baja/JS module in-process @TEXT:N@ — emit text.dat record N @Text-ID@ — emit a text.dat record by its symbolic ID (e.g. @SearchStringPrompt@) @!X@ — execute one or more Ctrl-A operands (e.g. @!HY@ ≡ bright yellow) @AT@ — literal @ (v3.20d+) @NOCODE@ — disable further @-code parsing in this file

Hot-spots / mouse: @HOT@ — colorize mouse hotspots in the following text using the @-code's own color @HOT:HUNGRY@ / @HOT:STRICT@ — same, choosing hotspot type @HOT:OFF@ — disable hotspot generation @~text@ / @~text~cmd@ — define a hungry hotspot with optional alternate command @`text@ / @`text`cmd@ — same, strict variant

Rainbow: @RAINBOW@ / @RAINBOW:OFF@ / @RAINBOW:RAND@ / @RAINBOW:index@ / @RAINBOW:R:RH:B:BH@ (custom pattern)

The wiki page has the complete, current list — when in doubt, fetch the raw page (?do=export_raw) and grep.

Common style patterns to mirror

Framed-menu pattern (the dominant style in text/menu/)

Almost every "menu" file in text/menu/ follows one structure — see multchat.msg, qwk.msg, maincfg.msg, mailread.msg, transfer.40col.msg:

^An^Ah^Ac@HOT@^An@CLEAR@
^A4^AC┌──────────────────────────────^AK┐^A0
^A4^AC│  ^AH^AYMenu Title  ^AN^A4^AK│^A0
^A4^AC└^AK──────────────────────────────┘^A0^AB▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄^AK
^AB█  ^AH^AC X ^AY ^AN^ACDescription of option^AW^A<binding>^AB█^AK
^AB█  ^AH^AC Y ^AY ^AN^ACAnother option         ^AW^A<binding>^AB█^AK
...
^AZ

Key bits:

• @HOT@/@CLEAR@ at top (hotspot color + clear screen).
• CP437 box-drawing (┌─┐ │ └─┘ ▀▄█▌▐) for the frame; right-edge shadow via ^AB█ then ▀/▄ shadow row.
• Title in bright yellow (^AH^AY).
• Each entry: bright-cyan letter + spaces + ^AN^AC description + a single ^A<byte> (binding byte 128–255 stuffs that keycode into the input buffer if the user clicks the hotspot or presses a configured equivalent).
• Trailing ^AZ — wait-for-key (premature EOF).

Use this pattern when adding a new menu under text/menu/ that needs visible options and hotkeys.

Narrative info-screen pattern

Free-form text with sparse Ctrl-A for emphasis. Used by text/feedback.msg, text/inactive.msg, text/sbbs.msg, etc. Appropriate for help screens, system info dumps, anything without single-letter hotkeys. No frame, no @HOT@, no trailing ^AZ.

Pick this only for files that live in text/ (not text/menu/) or for help screens explicitly invoked between prompts.

Authoring practicalities

Designing for narrow terminals

When only one menu file will exist (no .40col / .c40 siblings), prefer a layout that fits in 40 columns so PETSCII, mobile telnet clients, and retro hardware see something legible. Two specific techniques:

1. ^A\ conditional line continuation. This Ctrl-A code emits the LongLineContinuationPrefix string from text.dat only when the user's terminal is < 80 columns. Use it at line breaks in long-line content so the same source renders as one logical line on 80-col terminals and wraps cleanly on 40-col ones, without you maintaining two files. Example:

   ^AyChoose: ~A^Aw)~A^Andd, ~^AwR^Anemove, ~^AwE^Andit, ~^AwV^Aniew,^A\
   ~^AwQ^Anuit, ~^AwP^Anrev or [~^AwN^Anext]: 
   

2. Don't write into or past the last column. Synchronet emits whatever you wrote; if the cursor reaches column N+1 on an N-column terminal, nearly every terminal auto-wraps to the next row, throwing your subsequent layout off by one. Leave column N empty, or end the line with a ^A\ continuation, or use a @>@ modifier on the final @-code when you genuinely want to allow wrap.

Counting rows and columns correctly

When you size a menu file (e.g. picking a row count that fits in a 25-line window, or making sure a line doesn't auto-wrap), what matters is the rendered width and rendered row count, not the byte count of the source:

• Ctrl-A codes consume zero visible columns and zero rows. ^AH^AY is 4 bytes in the file, 0 columns on screen. The text editor's column ruler is wrong; count the visible characters only.
• @-codes expand at display time to a string whose width depends on the current user, current node, current message, etc. @ALIAS@ could be 2 chars or 25. To make the layout predictable, pin the width with a format modifier: @ALIAS|L12@ (12 chars, left-padded) or @CREDITS|R8@.
• CP437 box-drawing chars are one column each, regardless of editor display width.
• Some @-codes emit row-changing escapes (@CRLF@, @CLS@, @PAUSE@, @GETKEY@, @CENTER@, @CONTINUE@, embedded @MENU:…@ or @INCLUDE:…@). These can add (or zero out) rows you didn't write in the source. When the row count matters (e.g. fitting under a header), expand mentally or test against a real session.
• Width-variant files (.40col, .c80) preempt the generic file when the terminal width matches. If you ship foo.40col.ans and foo.ans, a 40-col user sees the narrow one, an 80-col user sees the wide one, and there's no ^A\ gymnastics needed. The tradeoff is two files to keep in sync.

Entering Ctrl-A bytes

Most editors render Ctrl-A as ^A (caret-A) or a happy-face glyph. Use one of:

1. A BBS-aware ANSI editor (TheDraw, ACiDDraw, Pablo, MysticDraw) — see resource:ansi editors on the wiki.
2. text/menu/*.msg files contain literal 0x01 bytes; in PowerShell, [System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes() / WriteAllBytes() handles them safely. From bash, printf '\x01H...' writes raw bytes.
3. In ctrl/text.dat and JS/Baja source, use the escape form \1X or \x01X — the runtime stuffs the byte at parse time.

ans2asc / asc2ans

Two-way converters: ans2asc takes a .ans file with ANSI X3.64 escapes and produces a Ctrl-A-encoded .asc/.msg; asc2ans reverses it so you can hand a file to an ANSI editor. Both ship as Synchronet utilities. Convenient when collaborating with an ANSI artist who wants real ESC[ codes.

Verifying what a file looks like rendered

• Live: connect a terminal client to the BBS and trigger the path that displays the file (or use jsexec exec/printfile.js path if available).
• From a script: bbs.menu("foo") / console.printfile("path") — both work under a session, not under jsexec.
• Quick byte inspection: cat -v file.msg (renders Ctrl-A as ^A and high-bit bytes as M-X), od -c file.msg | head, or xxd file.msg | head.

Modifying a stock file safely

Don't edit text/foo.msg in place — a future git pull (or release update) will overwrite it. Copy first:

cp <sbbs>/text/menu/main.msg <sbbs>/mods/text/menu/main.msg
$EDITOR <sbbs>/mods/text/menu/main.msg

The runtime picks up mods/text/menu/main.msg before the stock one because cfg.mods_dir is checked first in menu_exists() (see src/sbbs3/prntfile.cpp).

Modifying ctrl/text.dat

ctrl/text.dat is one record per line; lines that look like "\1...string..." NNN SymbolName are records. The line count and ordering matter — the C side reads it by index via the TOTAL_TEXT enum from src/sbbs3/text.h, which is generated from text.dat by textgen.exe. Don't add or remove records unless you also regenerate text.h / text_defaults.c / text_id.c (and rebuild). You can freely edit the string value of an existing record without regenerating anything — the BBS picks it up on next reload of text.dat.

To rebuild after structural changes:

cd <sbbs>/src/sbbs3
./textgen           # or msbuild on the textgen vcxproj

If a running BBS doesn't pick up a text.dat edit, restart sbbsctrl or call bbs.reload_text() from a JS console.

Localization

useron.lang is a short language code (matches ctrl/text.<lang>.ini and text/menu/<lang>/). When set and the menu code doesn't contain /, menu() tries the language-prefixed path first and falls back to the unprefixed one on miss. Author a localized variant by dropping it under text/menu/<lang>/<base>.<ext> — same naming rules apply within the lang dir.

Pitfalls

• CGA brown: ^AY without ^AH is brown on CGA. Always pair, or rely on sticky ^AH. (See the dedicated section above.)
• mods/text/ precedence: an old stale file in mods/text/menu/ will silently shadow a freshly-pulled stock file. When stock files change in an update, audit mods/text/menu/.
• text.dat line drift: adding/removing a record without regenerating text.h produces a total_text != TOTAL_TEXT startup error.
• @-codes don't expand in non-sysop messages: posted text shows the raw @SYSOP@ to readers. Use the JS bbs.atcode() API at message-render time if you need expansion in user content.
• Hyphen-modifier + colon-param doesn't work: @FOO-L:bar@ is invalid; use the pipe form (@FOO|L:bar@).
• Width modifier truncates from the right: @ALIAS|L8@ on a 12-char alias keeps the first 8 chars. Use > if you'd rather wrap.
• ^AZ is sticky-fatal: a ^AZ byte in the middle of a file stops rendering at that point, no further bytes are seen. Useful, but easy to misplace.
• Ctrl-A operand A is overloaded (security flag A vs literal-Ctrl-A) — prefer @SHOW:FLAG1A@ for flag-based gating instead of relying on ^AA.
• Hotspot binding bytes (128–255): the value above 127 in ^A<byte> after an option is the keycode "stuffed" when the hotspot fires. Common assignments live in sbbsdefs.js / key.h as K_* constants.
• menu() returns false silently on missing file — pass P_NOERROR for optional menus, otherwise the user sees "missing menu" errors.

Reading the source for the call site

When you don't know which prompt or menu drives a given screen:

1. grep -rn '"PromptName"' src/sbbs3/text.dat — find the text.dat record index/ID.
2. grep -rn 'PromptName' src/sbbs3/*.cpp — find the C++ call site (often bputs(text[PromptName])).
3. grep -rn 'menu("foo"' src/sbbs3/ exec/ — find what triggers menu() with a given base name.
4. For Baja shells: grep -rn 'MNU foo' exec/*.src.

When to use this skill vs. others

• Just rendering text to a user in a custom JS module → look at the @-codes table and Ctrl-A reference, then write the file. No skill needed unless you hit the priority / mods-dir / language-overlay logic.
• Adding a new prompt to text.dat → also pulls in synchronet-build (textgen + rebuild).
• Testing what a file looks like rendered → connect a BBS session; jsexec can't console.printfile standalone.
• Updating the wiki → use the synchronet-wiki skill.