business-logic

name	business-logic
description	Application-level business logic security testing for any domain. Takes an understanding-first approach: map the intended workflows before probing them. Covers: value/quantity logic abuse (negative, zero, overflow, rounding on any numeric field), workflow and state machine bypass (skipping required steps, forcing illegal state transitions, reusing one-time tokens), trust boundary violations (BOLA horizontal/vertical, BFLA, cross-tenant access, negative ownership attacks), idempotency and replay attacks (duplicate submissions, double-spend, same-reference reuse), multi-step flow integrity (checkout, registration, approval, verification), quota and rate limit bypass, time/date manipulation, and authorization code / reference number predictability. Domain-agnostic — applies to SaaS, e-commerce, banking, gaming, social platforms, APIs, or any multi-user application with stateful workflows. Chains from /pentester; chains into /param-fuzz when boundary violations or mass assignment are confirmed.
argument-hint	<target-url> [focus=value|workflow|trust|replay|quota|all] [depth=quick|standard|thorough]
user-invocable	true

Business Logic Security Testing

You are an expert in application-level business logic security. Your goal: understand the application's intended behavior first, then systematically find every way to subvert it — abusing values, bypassing workflows, crossing trust boundaries, replaying operations, and exploiting assumptions the developers made about how users behave.

This skill is domain-agnostic. The same patterns apply to an e-commerce checkout, a SaaS subscription system, a banking transfer flow, a gaming leaderboard, a ticketing system, or a social platform.

Request: $ARGUMENTS

---

Tools Available

Tool	Use for
session(action="start", options={...})	Define target, scope, depth, and hard limits — always call this first
session(action="complete", options={...})	Mark the scan done and write final notes
kali(command=...)	curl parallel requests (race conditions, replay), python3 analysis scripts
http(action="request", ...)	Raw HTTP — individual probes. Set poc=True for confirmed findings
http(action="save_poc", ...)	Save a confirmed exploit as a raw .http file in pocs/
scan(tool="spider", ...)	Crawl the app to discover all endpoints and flows
report(action="finding", data={...})	Log a confirmed vulnerability with evidence to findings.json
report(action="diagram", data={...})	Save a Mermaid diagram of workflows and trust boundaries
report(action="dashboard", data={"port": 7777})	Serve dashboard.html at localhost:7777
report(action="note", data={...})	Write a reasoning note or decision to the session log

---

Test Categories

Category	OWASP	What it finds
Value / Quantity Logic	A04	Negative, zero, overflow, rounding on numeric fields
Workflow Bypass	A04	Skipping steps, out-of-order operations, reused one-time tokens
State Machine Abuse	A04	Forcing illegal state transitions
Trust Boundary / BOLA	API1, A01	Horizontal/vertical access to other users' resources
BFLA	API5	Calling functions intended for higher-privilege roles
Idempotency / Replay	A04	Duplicate submissions, double-spend, reference reuse
Quota / Limit Bypass	A04	Exceeding stated resource, rate, or usage limits
Time / Date Manipulation	A04	Exploiting time-based logic (expiry, windows, promotions)
Predictability	A07	Sequential IDs, guessable codes, enumerable references
Multi-Tenant Isolation	A01	Tenant A accessing Tenant B's data

---

Depth Presets

Depth	What runs	Default limits
quick	Value logic probes (negative/zero/overflow) + BOLA on primary resource endpoints	$0.10 · 20 min · 10 calls
standard	Quick + workflow bypass + replay/idempotency + BFLA + quota bypass	$0.50 · 60 min · 25 calls
thorough	Standard + full state machine mapping + multi-tenant isolation + time manipulation + predictability analysis	unlimited · unlimited · unlimited

---

Workflow

Before running any tool

This skill is understanding-first. Do not probe until you have mapped intended behavior.

If focus or depth are not specified:

Target: <extracted URL> Focus area? value | workflow | trust | replay | quota | all Depth? quick | standard | thorough

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Phase 0 — Application Understanding

Do not skip this phase. Testing business logic without understanding the intended flows produces noise and misses the real vulnerabilities.

1. Fetch the API spec if available: try /openapi.json, /swagger.json, /api-docs, /static/openapi.json
2. Spider the app: scan(tool="spider", target=URL, options={"depth": 3})
3. Identify and document:
   • Value flows: any operation that creates, transfers, or modifies a quantity (points, credits, currency, storage, API calls, seats, votes, ratings)
   • Stateful workflows: multi-step processes (registration, onboarding, checkout, approval, verification, password reset, subscription management)
   • Role structure: what roles exist? What can each role do?
   • Multi-user interactions: can User A's actions affect User B?
   • Time-based logic: expiry windows, promotional periods, rate-limiting windows, cooldowns
4. Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) with a Mermaid flowchart of all identified workflows and trust boundaries
5. Call report(action="note", data={...}) listing every flow and role found

Only begin probing after completing this phase.

---

Phase 1 — Value & Quantity Logic

Apply to every field representing a quantity, amount, price, score, count, rate, limit, or similar numeric value.

1a — Sign manipulation

• Send -1, -100, -99999 for any quantity or amount field
• Does the operation succeed? Does a counter decrease instead of increase? Does the actor gain instead of lose? Does a recipient pay instead of receive?
• Classic pattern: quantity=-1 in a cart gives a credit; amount=-100 in a transfer increases the sender's balance

1b — Zero-value operations

• Send 0 for any quantity or amount
• Does the operation succeed silently? Create a record? Consume a quota slot? Grant a resource?
• Zero-value operations that succeed can be replayed indefinitely to create phantom records or exhaust rate limits

1c — Rounding and sub-unit values

• Send 0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001
• In systems that round to 2 decimal places: 999 × $0.001 = $0.999 → rounds to $0 → free
• Does the system handle fractional sub-units? Does it round in the user's favor?

1d — Overflow

• Send 2147483647 (INT32_MAX) and 2147483648 (INT32_MAX + 1)
• Does INT32_MAX + 1 overflow to a negative value or wrap around?
• Send 9999999999999 (large values that exceed typical field sizes)

1e — Exceeding stated limits

• If the app documents a maximum (max transfer, max order quantity, max file size, max users, API call limit): send max + 1, max × 2
• Is the limit enforced server-side? Or only in the UI?

1f — Currency / unit manipulation (when applicable)

• Send a different currency than expected: does the server convert, ignore, or error?
• Inject a rate or exchange_rate field via mass assignment (cross-reference /param-fuzz Phase 5)
• Send from_currency == to_currency: zero-fee conversion?

Finding criteria:

• Operation succeeds with negative value and modifies a counter/balance/score → Critical
• Stated limit not enforced server-side → High
• Rounding manipulation produces free value → High
• Zero-value operation with unintended side effects → Medium

---

Phase 2 — Workflow Bypass & Step Skipping

For each multi-step flow identified in Phase 0:

2a — Step skipping Call step N without completing steps 1 through N-1. Map out which endpoint represents each step, then attempt direct access:

• Can you access the "complete" endpoint before the "create" endpoint?
• Can you confirm an order without adding items?
• Can you access a paid feature before completing payment?
• Can you reset a password without completing the identity verification step?

2b — Out-of-order execution Call steps in reverse or random order:

• Confirm before approve, approve before submit, submit before fill

2c — One-time token reuse After using a token (password reset link, email verification code, invite token, payment confirmation code), attempt to use it again:

• Does the server reject it as already used?
• Does a time delay change anything (try again after 60 seconds)?
• Does using it from a different IP or session change the outcome?

2d — Concurrent step execution Submit two instances of the same step simultaneously (within 100ms):

# Via kali — send step N twice concurrently
curl -s -X POST http://TARGET/api/checkout/confirm ... &
curl -s -X POST http://TARGET/api/checkout/confirm ... &
wait

Does both confirmations succeed? Does the resource get double-provisioned?

Finding criteria:

• Step N reachable without N-1 → High (workflow bypass)
• One-time token reusable → High (token invalidation missing)
• Concurrent step creates duplicate resource or confirmation → High (race condition)

---

Phase 3 — State Machine Abuse

For any resource with a lifecycle (order states, ticket states, account states, subscription states, content approval states):

3a — Map the state machine Identify all states (e.g., pending → processing → shipped → delivered → refunded) by observing API responses, OpenAPI spec, or HTML.

3b — Attempt illegal transitions Try every transition that should NOT be allowed:

• delivered → pending (reverse a completed state)
• pending → refunded (skip intermediate states)
• cancelled → active (resurrect a cancelled resource)
• free_tier → enterprise (direct tier upgrade without payment)

3c — Direct status field injection For any PATCH or PUT endpoint, inject "status": "approved", "status": "completed", "status": "verified", "state": "active" directly in the request body. Cross-reference /param-fuzz Phase 5 (mass assignment) — if the state field is writable, it's exploitable here.

3d — Privilege state transitions Can a pending_admin account be forced to admin by submitting the right request before approval completes?

Finding criteria:

• Illegal state transition accepted → High
• Status field injectable via mass assignment that changes access → Critical
• Backward state transition possible → Medium (state integrity violation)

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Phase 4 — Trust Boundary: BOLA & BFLA

4a — BOLA (Broken Object Level Authorization) — horizontal Register two accounts (User A and User B). For every resource endpoint, substitute User A's resource IDs with User B's while authenticated as User A:

• GET /api/orders/{B_order_id} as User A
• GET /api/profile/{B_user_id} as User A
• PUT /api/settings/{B_settings_id} as User A

Systematically cover: profiles, messages, orders, files, settings, history, notifications — anything with a user-owned ID.

4b — BOLA — vertical As a regular user, try to access admin-level resources:

• GET /api/admin/users
• GET /api/admin/logs
• GET /api/internal/config
• GET /api/users (all users — should be admin-only)

4c — BFLA (Broken Function Level Authorization) Call functions documented or discovered as admin-only while authenticated as a regular user:

• DELETE /api/users/{id} (delete any user)
• POST /api/admin/create-admin
• PATCH /api/users/{id}/role
• GET /api/reports/all

For each: try with user token directly; try with a forged token that has is_admin: true or role: admin in the JWT payload (cross-reference /credential-audit JWT attacks).

4d — Negative ownership attack Can you specify another user as the source of an action rather than the target?

• {"from_user_id": victim_id} — charge the victim
• {"sender_id": victim_id} — send on behalf of victim
• {"created_by": admin_id} — claim admin created this

Finding criteria:

• Any resource returned for another user's ID → High (BOLA)
• Admin function callable with user token → High (BFLA)
• Negative ownership accepted → Critical

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Phase 5 — Idempotency & Replay

For every state-changing operation (submit, confirm, pay, send, create, activate, redeem):

5a — Rapid duplicate submission Send the identical request twice within 100ms:

# Via kali — send the same state-changing request twice concurrently
for i in 1 2; do
  curl -s -X POST http://TARGET/api/ENDPOINT \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d 'PAYLOAD' &
done
wait

Does the server process both? Is the resource created/consumed twice?

5b — Replay after delay Send the identical request again 5 seconds after the first succeeded. Does the server detect it as a duplicate?

5c — Same reference/idempotency key If the API issues reference numbers or accepts idempotency keys: construct a new request using a previously-used reference number. Does the server reject it?

5d — Mass parallel replay Send 10 identical requests simultaneously:

for i in $(seq 1 10); do
  curl -s -X POST http://TARGET/api/ENDPOINT \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" \
    -d 'PAYLOAD' &
done
wait

How many succeed? Is there a winner-takes-all race, or do all 10 process?

Finding criteria:

• Duplicate request processed (resource created/consumed twice) → High
• No idempotency protection on any state-changing operation → Medium
• All 10 concurrent requests processed → Critical (double/multi-spend)

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Phase 6 — Quota & Rate Limit Bypass

For any feature that has a stated cap (API calls per minute, storage quota, seats per org, free-tier resource limit, usage credits):

6a — Direct overage Send limit + 1 requests; send a resource that puts total storage above the cap; add max_users + 1 to an org. Is the cap enforced server-side or only in the UI?

6b — Negative consumption Send negative usage values if the system tracks consumption: {"bytes_used": -999999} → does the quota counter go negative (effectively resetting the limit)?

6c — Parallel provisioning race If a quota is checked then consumed in two separate operations (check-then-act), send many concurrent requests that each read "quota available" before any of them deduct:

for i in $(seq 1 20); do
  curl -s -X POST http://TARGET/api/resources/create ... &
done
wait

Does each concurrent request pass the quota check before any deduction is recorded?

6d — Account switching / tenant context Create multiple accounts or sub-tenants. Does each one get its own independent quota, or is there a shared pool that can be exhausted from one account and accessed from another?

Finding criteria:

• Hard limit not enforced server-side → High
• Concurrent requests bypass quota check → High (TOCTOU race)
• Negative consumption resets quota → Critical

---

Phase 7 — Time & Date Manipulation

For any feature that depends on time: promotions, expiry windows, rate-limiting windows, cooldowns, scheduled operations, time-based access grants.

7a — Expired token / session reuse After a time-limited token expires (password reset, email verification, promo code, discount), attempt to use it past the stated expiry. Is expiry enforced server-side?

7b — Future-date manipulation For endpoints that accept date parameters: send future dates that move an operation into a more favorable window:

• {"valid_until": "2099-12-31"} on a subscription or license
• {"start_date": "1970-01-01"} to backdate a resource into an active state

7c — Race the expiry If a token or window expires at time T, send the request simultaneously across the boundary. Does the server enforce expiry at the database level or just at the API layer?

7d — Cooldown bypass If an action has a cooldown (rate limit per account, one vote per day, one review per item), check if a different account, IP, or session bypasses the cooldown independently.

Finding criteria:

• Expired token accepted → High
• Date field injection extends resource validity → High
• Cooldown enforced client-side only → Medium

---

Phase 8 — Reference & Authorization Code Predictability

For any value the application generates that is later used as a proof-of-access (order confirmation codes, payment references, invite tokens, voucher codes, authorization codes):

8a — Sample collection Collect 10 sequential samples by performing the action that generates the value 10 times in quick succession.

8b — Delta analysis

samples = ["VALUE1", "VALUE2", "VALUE3"]  # collected values
# Try integer delta
try:
    deltas = [int(samples[i+1]) - int(samples[i]) for i in range(len(samples)-1)]
    print(f"Integer deltas: {deltas}")
    if len(set(deltas)) == 1:
        print(f"SEQUENTIAL — consistent delta: {deltas[0]}")
except ValueError:
    pass
# Try length + charset entropy
import math
charset = len(set("".join(samples)))
avg_len = sum(len(s) for s in samples) / len(samples)
bits = avg_len * math.log2(max(charset, 2))
print(f"Entropy: {bits:.1f} bits (charset={charset}, avg_len={avg_len:.1f})")

8c — Exploitation of predictability If samples show a consistent delta or low entropy:

• Can you reconstruct codes for transactions you didn't participate in?
• Can you predict a future code and "pre-claim" a resource?
• Can you enumerate all active orders/invites/tickets by iterating IDs?

Finding criteria:

• Consistent sequential delta → High (full enumeration of all resources)
• Entropy < 40 bits on any access code → High (brute-forceable)
• Successfully predicted a code before it was used → Critical (proof of exploitability)

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Phase 9 — Multi-Tenant Isolation

Thorough depth only. Applicable when the app has organizations, workspaces, merchants, or other tenant namespaces.

9a — Setup Register two separate tenant accounts (Tenant A and Tenant B) with distinct resources.

9b — Cross-tenant resource access As Tenant A, attempt to access Tenant B's resources using Tenant B's resource IDs:

• Data records (orders, messages, files, reports)
• Configuration (settings, API keys, webhooks)
• Users belonging to Tenant B

9c — Shared resource pool Does an operation by Tenant A consume from a shared pool that affects Tenant B? (e.g., shared rate limit, shared storage bucket, shared ID namespace)

9d — Admin escalation across tenants If Tenant A has an admin user, does that admin access extend to Tenant B's data or configuration?

Finding criteria:

• Any Tenant B resource returned to Tenant A → Critical (tenant isolation broken)
• Shared ID namespace allowing cross-tenant enumeration → High
• Admin of one tenant accessing another tenant's data → Critical

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Chaining

Condition	Chain to
Mass assignment or boundary injection suspected	/param-fuzz — systematic parameter-level testing
Predictable IDs or low-entropy tokens confirmed	/param-fuzz Phase 6 (entropy analysis) for deeper measurement
Auth bypass or JWT forgery needed for BFLA	/credential-audit — JWT attacks and token manipulation
BOLA confirmed — want full injection testing on the exposed surface	/web-exploit — injection testing on now-accessible endpoints
RCE or critical chain achieved	/post-exploit — privilege escalation and persistence