mssql-server

name

mssql-server

description

Writes, optimizes, and debugs T-SQL queries. Explains SQL Server internals, troubleshoots performance issues, and guides database administration tasks including backup/restore, high availability, security, and index design. Use when the user asks about T-SQL syntax, SQL Server administration, query performance, stored procedures, indexes, locking, transactions, backup/restore, high availability, security, or any MSSQL-related topic — even without saying 'SQL Server' explicitly. Also trigger on terms like SSMS, tempdb, bcp, sqlcmd, MSSQL, sp_executesql, NOLOCK, columnstore, Hekaton, RCSI, param sniffing, or execution plan.

MSSQL Server Skill

How to use this skill

1. Identify the topic using the routing table below (keyword → file mapping).
2. Read the relevant reference file(s). Never answer from memory alone when a reference file covers the topic.
3. Cross-cutting questions — identify ALL matching rows and read each file. Check "See Also" sections for additional files.
4. Ambiguous keywords — read the "Disambiguation" column. When in doubt, load both files.
5. Response format: Lead with code/pattern, follow with caveats in admonition blocks, end with source links.

Quick Examples

-- Basic filtered query with pagination
SELECT CustomerName, Email
FROM Customer
WHERE Status = 'Active'
ORDER BY CustomerName
OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT 25 ROWS ONLY;

-- Create a covering index
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Customer_Status
ON Customer(Status) INCLUDE (CustomerName, Email);

---

Routing Table

Keywords / Triggers	File	Scope	Disambiguation
CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP, schema, sequence, synonym, computed column	references/01-syntax-ddl.md	DDL syntax reference
SELECT, JOIN, subquery, UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT, window function, PIVOT, UNPIVOT, APPLY, OFFSET FETCH, pagination	references/02-syntax-dql.md	DQL / query syntax
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE, OUTPUT clause, upsert	references/03-syntax-dml.md	DML syntax & patterns
CTE, WITH, recursive CTE, anchor member, MAXRECURSION	references/04-ctes.md	CTEs (recursive & non-recursive)
VIEW, indexed view, SCHEMABINDING, partitioned view, WITH CHECK OPTION	references/05-views.md	Views
stored procedure, param sniffing, TVP, output param, EXECUTE AS user, impersonation, security context	references/06-stored-procedures.md	Stored procedures	OPTION RECOMPILE: here for proc-level usage; see also 32 for query-level hint. EXECUTE AS: here for proc context; see also 15 for server/db principals
function, scalar UDF, inline TVF, multi-statement TVF, determinism, UDF inlining	references/07-functions.md	User-defined functions
index, clustered, nonclustered, covering index, include columns, fill factor, fragmentation, heap, forwarded record, rebuild, reorganize, B-tree structure	references/08-indexes.md	Index design & maintenance	missing index: here for DMV queries and index design; see also 32 for broader perf diagnostics
columnstore, delta store, rowgroup, batch mode, tuple mover, segment elimination	references/09-columnstore-indexes.md	Columnstore indexes
partition, partition function, partition scheme, partition switching, sliding window, STATISTICS_INCREMENTAL	references/10-partitioning.md	Table partitioning
user-defined type, CLR type, table type, alias type, spatial, geometry, geography, sparse column	references/11-custom-data-types.md	Custom data types
CHECK constraint, DEFAULT constraint, UNIQUE constraint, foreign key, cascade, referential integrity, functional constraint, cross-database constraint, cross-schema, computed column index	references/12-custom-defaults-rules.md	Constraints & defaults
transaction, isolation level, SNAPSHOT, RCSI, READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT, ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION, MVCC, row versioning, lock escalation, lock hint, NOLOCK, UPDLOCK, ROWLOCK	references/13-transactions-locking.md	Transactions & locking	deadlock: here for theory, prevention, lock mechanics; see also 33 for XE deadlock graph capture. wait stats: here for lock-related waits; see also 32 for full wait stats diagnostics
TRY CATCH, THROW, RAISERROR, error handling, savepoint, @@TRANCOUNT, XACT_ABORT	references/14-error-handling.md	Error handling
login, user, role, server principal, database principal, GRANT, DENY, REVOKE, permission, ownership chaining, application role	references/15-principals-permissions.md	Principals & permissions	EXECUTE AS: here for principal impersonation; see also 06 for proc-level EXECUTE AS
RLS, row-level security, dynamic data masking, TDE, Always Encrypted, column encryption, certificate, DDM, encryption algorithm, AES, RSA, CEK, CMK, key rotation, HSM	references/16-security-encryption.md	Security & encryption
temporal table, system-versioned, AS OF, time travel, FOR SYSTEM_TIME, retention policy	references/17-temporal-tables.md	Temporal tables
In-Memory OLTP, Hekaton, memory-optimized table, natively compiled, hash index, range index, durability	references/18-in-memory-oltp.md	In-Memory OLTP
JSON, XML, FOR JSON, FOR XML, OPENJSON, JSON_VALUE, JSON_QUERY, JSON_MODIFY, XQuery, XML index	references/19-json-xml.md	JSON & XML
full-text search, FTS, CONTAINS, FREETEXT, CONTAINSTABLE, FREETEXTTABLE, semantic search, stopword, thesaurus	references/20-full-text-search.md	Full-text & semantic search
graph table, node table, edge table, MATCH, SHORTEST_PATH, multi-hop, graph traversal	references/21-graph-tables.md	Graph tables
ledger table, append-only ledger, updatable ledger, digest, ledger verification, blockchain	references/22-ledger-tables.md	Ledger tables
dynamic SQL, sp_executesql, SQL injection, parameterized query, dynamic WHERE, EXEC	references/23-dynamic-sql.md	Dynamic SQL
string function, date function, math function, STRING_AGG, CONCAT_WS, FORMAT, DATEADD, DATEDIFF, AT TIME ZONE, datetime2, datetimeoffset, TRIM, TRANSLATE	references/24-string-date-math-functions.md	Built-in functions reference
NULL, ISNULL, COALESCE, NULLIF, three-valued logic, IS DISTINCT FROM, nullable index	references/25-null-handling.md	NULL handling
collation, case-sensitive, accent-sensitive, COLLATE clause, collation conflict, Latin1_General, BIN2	references/26-collation.md	Collation
cursor, FAST_FORWARD, KEYSET, STATIC, DYNAMIC, FORWARD_ONLY, cursor anti-pattern	references/27-cursors.md	Cursors
statistics, auto-update, ascending key, histogram, DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS, UPDATE STATISTICS, filtered statistics	references/28-statistics.md	Statistics
execution plan, SHOWPLAN, STATISTICS IO, STATISTICS TIME, Index Seek, Key Lookup, Hash Join, Nested Loop, cardinality, plan warning, implicit conversion	references/29-query-plans.md	Query plans
Query Store, regressed query, forced plan, PSPO, parameter-sensitive plan, CE feedback	references/30-query-store.md	Query Store	wait stats: here for QS-integrated wait stats; see also 32 for server-level wait stats
IQP, Intelligent Query Processing, memory grant feedback, batch mode on rowstore, interleaved execution, DOP feedback, table variable deferred compilation, approximate count	references/31-intelligent-query-processing.md	Intelligent Query Processing
wait stats, missing index DMV, plan cache, OPTION RECOMPILE, MAXDOP hint, sp_Blitz, sp_BlitzCache, sp_BlitzFirst, sp_BlitzIndex, FORCESEEK, FORCESCAN	references/32-performance-diagnostics.md	Performance diagnostics	OPTION RECOMPILE: here for query hint usage; see also 06 for proc-level param sniffing. missing index: here for perf triage; see also 08 for index design decisions
Extended Events, XE session, deadlock graph, blocking detection, ring buffer, event file, sys.dm_xe	references/33-extended-events.md	Extended Events	deadlock graph: here for XE capture mechanics; see also 13 for deadlock theory and prevention
tempdb, TF 1117, TF 1118, GAM, SGAM, PFS, allocation latch, temp table, table variable, version store	references/34-tempdb.md	tempdb
DBCC, CHECKDB, FREEPROCCACHE, DROPCLEANBUFFERS, SHRINKFILE, SHRINKDATABASE, UPDATEUSAGE, INPUTBUFFER, OPENTRAN	references/35-dbcc-commands.md	DBCC commands
data compression, ROW compression, PAGE compression, COLUMNSTORE compression, sp_estimate_data_compression_savings	references/36-data-compression.md	Data compression
CDC, Change Data Capture, Change Tracking, CT, ETL, cdc.fn_cdc_get_all_changes, CHANGETABLE	references/37-change-tracking-cdc.md	Change Tracking & CDC
SQL Server Audit, SERVER AUDIT, audit specification, compliance, SOX, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, audit log	references/38-auditing.md	Auditing
trigger, DML trigger, DDL trigger, logon trigger, AFTER, INSTEAD OF, inserted, deleted, COLUMNS_UPDATED	references/39-triggers.md	Triggers
Service Broker, SSB, queue, SEND, RECEIVE, dialog conversation, activation, message type, contract, pub/sub	references/40-service-broker-queuing.md	Service Broker & queuing
replication, snapshot replication, transactional replication, merge replication, publisher, distributor, subscriber, replication agent	references/41-replication.md	Replication
database snapshot, AS SNAPSHOT OF, sparse file, REVERT, consistent read	references/42-database-snapshots.md	Database snapshots
Always On, Availability Group, AG, listener, readable secondary, quorum, distributed AG, contained AG, log shipping, FCI, failover cluster	references/43-high-availability.md	High availability
BACKUP, RESTORE, full backup, differential, log backup, tail log, point-in-time restore, NORECOVERY, STANDBY, S3 backup, backup encryption	references/44-backup-restore.md	Backup & restore
linked server, four-part name, OPENQUERY, OPENDATASOURCE, distributed transaction, DTC	references/45-linked-servers.md	Linked servers
PolyBase, external table, external data source, OPENROWSET, S3, Azure Blob, Hadoop, predicate pushdown	references/46-polybase-external-tables.md	PolyBase & external tables
sqlcmd, bcp, sqlpackage, mssql-cli, BULK INSERT, OPENROWSET BULK, format file, dacpac, bacpac, PowerShell SQLServer	references/47-cli-bulk-operations.md	CLI & bulk operations
Database Mail, sp_send_dbmail, mail profile, mail account, HTML mail, Agent alert notification	references/48-database-mail.md	Database Mail
sp_configure, max server memory, MAXDOP, cost threshold, Resource Governor, trace flag, NUMA	references/49-configuration-tuning.md	Configuration & tuning	MAXDOP: here for server config; see also 32 for MAXDOP query hint
SQL Server Agent, job, job step, schedule, alert, operator, proxy, msdb, multi-server	references/50-sql-server-agent.md	SQL Server Agent
SQL Server 2022, ledger 2022, S3 backup 2022, contained AG 2022, IS_DISTINCT_FROM, GREATEST, LEAST, XML compression	references/51-2022-features.md	SQL Server 2022 features
SQL Server 2025, vector search, VECTOR type, vector index, AI features, 2025 T-SQL	references/52-2025-features.md	SQL Server 2025 features
compatibility level, CE version, cardinality estimator, deprecated feature, upgrade, migration, contained database	references/53-migration-compatibility.md	Migration & compatibility
SQL Server on Linux, Docker, mssql-conf, container, Pacemaker, mssql-tools, Linux limitations	references/54-linux-containers.md	Linux & containers