data-visualization

name	data-visualization
description	Data visualization with chart selection, color theory, and annotation best practices. Covers chart types (bar, line, scatter, heatmap), axes rules, and storytelling with data. Use for: charts, graphs, dashboards, reports, presentations, infographics, data stories. Triggers: data visualization, chart, graph, data chart, bar chart, line chart, scatter plot, data viz, visualization, dashboard chart, infographic data, data presentation, chart design, plot, heatmap, pie chart alternative
allowed-tools	Bash(infsh *)

Data Visualization

Create clear, effective data visualizations via inference.sh CLI.

Quick Start

Requires inference.sh CLI (infsh). Install instructions

infsh login

# Generate a chart with Python
infsh app run infsh/python-executor --input '{
  "code": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport matplotlib\nmatplotlib.use(\"Agg\")\n\nmonths = [\"Jan\", \"Feb\", \"Mar\", \"Apr\", \"May\", \"Jun\"]\nrevenue = [42, 48, 55, 61, 72, 89]\n\nfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))\nax.bar(months, revenue, color=\"#3b82f6\", width=0.6)\nax.set_ylabel(\"Revenue ($K)\")\nax.set_title(\"Monthly Revenue Growth\", fontweight=\"bold\")\nfor i, v in enumerate(revenue):\n    ax.text(i, v + 1, f\"${v}K\", ha=\"center\", fontweight=\"bold\")\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.savefig(\"revenue.png\", dpi=150)\nprint(\"Saved\")"
}'

Chart Selection Guide

Which Chart for Which Data?

Data Relationship	Best Chart	Never Use
Change over time	Line chart	Pie chart
Comparing categories	Bar chart (horizontal for many categories)	Line chart
Part of a whole	Stacked bar, treemap	Pie chart (controversial but: bar is always clearer)
Distribution	Histogram, box plot	Bar chart
Correlation	Scatter plot	Bar chart
Ranking	Horizontal bar chart	Vertical bar, pie
Geographic	Choropleth map	Bar chart
Composition over time	Stacked area chart	Multiple pie charts
Single metric	Big number (KPI card)	Any chart (overkill)
Flow / process	Sankey diagram	Bar chart

The Pie Chart Problem

Pie charts are almost always the wrong choice:

❌ Pie chart problems:
   - Hard to compare similar-sized slices
   - Can't show more than 5-6 categories
   - 3D pie charts are always wrong
   - Impossible to read exact values

✅ Use instead:
   - Horizontal bar chart (easy comparison)
   - Stacked bar (part of whole)
   - Treemap (hierarchical parts)
   - Just a table (if precision matters)

Design Rules

Axes

Rule	Why
Always start Y-axis at 0 (bar charts)	Prevents misleading visual
Line charts CAN start above 0	When showing change, not absolute values
Label both axes	Reader shouldn't have to guess units
Remove unnecessary gridlines	Reduce visual noise
Use horizontal labels	Vertical text is hard to read
Sort bar charts by value	Don't use alphabetical order unless there's a reason

Color

Principle	Application
Max 5-7 colors per chart	More becomes unreadable
Highlight one thing	Grey everything else, color the focus
Sequential for magnitude	Light → dark for low → high
Diverging for positive/negative	Red ← neutral → blue
Categorical for groups	Distinct hues, similar brightness
Colorblind-safe	Avoid red/green only — add shapes or labels
Consistent meaning	If blue = revenue, keep it blue everywhere

Good Color Palettes

# Sequential (low to high)
sequential = ["#eff6ff", "#bfdbfe", "#60a5fa", "#2563eb", "#1d4ed8"]

# Diverging (negative to positive)
diverging = ["#ef4444", "#f87171", "#d1d5db", "#34d399", "#10b981"]

# Categorical (distinct groups)
categorical = ["#3b82f6", "#f59e0b", "#10b981", "#8b5cf6", "#ef4444"]

# Colorblind-safe
cb_safe = ["#0077BB", "#33BBEE", "#009988", "#EE7733", "#CC3311"]

Text and Labels

Element	Rule
Title	States the insight, not the data type. "Revenue doubled in Q2" not "Q2 Revenue Chart"
Annotations	Call out key data points directly on the chart
Legend	Avoid if possible — label directly on chart lines/bars
Font size	Minimum 12px, 14px+ for presentations
Number format	Use K, M, B for large numbers (42K not 42,000)
Data labels	Add to bars/points when exact values matter

Chart Recipes

Line Chart (Time Series)

infsh app run infsh/python-executor --input '{
  "code": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport matplotlib\nmatplotlib.use(\"Agg\")\n\nfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 6))\nfig.patch.set_facecolor(\"white\")\n\nmonths = [\"Jan\", \"Feb\", \"Mar\", \"Apr\", \"May\", \"Jun\", \"Jul\", \"Aug\", \"Sep\", \"Oct\", \"Nov\", \"Dec\"]\nthis_year = [120, 135, 148, 162, 178, 195, 210, 228, 245, 268, 290, 320]\nlast_year = [95, 102, 108, 115, 122, 130, 138, 145, 155, 165, 178, 190]\n\nax.plot(months, this_year, color=\"#3b82f6\", linewidth=2.5, marker=\"o\", markersize=6, label=\"2024\")\nax.plot(months, last_year, color=\"#94a3b8\", linewidth=2, linestyle=\"--\", label=\"2023\")\nax.fill_between(range(len(months)), last_year, this_year, alpha=0.1, color=\"#3b82f6\")\n\nax.annotate(\"$320K\", xy=(11, 320), fontsize=14, fontweight=\"bold\", color=\"#3b82f6\")\nax.annotate(\"$190K\", xy=(11, 190), fontsize=12, color=\"#94a3b8\")\n\nax.set_ylabel(\"Revenue ($K)\", fontsize=12)\nax.set_title(\"Revenue grew 68% year-over-year\", fontsize=16, fontweight=\"bold\")\nax.legend(fontsize=12)\nax.spines[\"top\"].set_visible(False)\nax.spines[\"right\"].set_visible(False)\nax.grid(axis=\"y\", alpha=0.3)\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.savefig(\"line-chart.png\", dpi=150)\nprint(\"Saved\")"
}'

Horizontal Bar Chart (Comparison)

infsh app run infsh/python-executor --input '{
  "code": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport matplotlib\nmatplotlib.use(\"Agg\")\n\nfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))\n\ncategories = [\"Email\", \"Social\", \"SEO\", \"Paid Ads\", \"Referral\", \"Direct\"]\nvalues = [12, 18, 35, 22, 8, 5]\ncolors = [\"#94a3b8\"] * len(values)\ncolors[2] = \"#3b82f6\"  # Highlight the winner\n\n# Sort by value\nsorted_pairs = sorted(zip(values, categories, colors))\nvalues, categories, colors = zip(*sorted_pairs)\n\nax.barh(categories, values, color=colors, height=0.6)\nfor i, v in enumerate(values):\n    ax.text(v + 0.5, i, f\"{v}%\", va=\"center\", fontsize=12, fontweight=\"bold\")\n\nax.set_xlabel(\"% of Total Traffic\", fontsize=12)\nax.set_title(\"SEO drives the most traffic\", fontsize=16, fontweight=\"bold\")\nax.spines[\"top\"].set_visible(False)\nax.spines[\"right\"].set_visible(False)\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.savefig(\"bar-chart.png\", dpi=150)\nprint(\"Saved\")"
}'

KPI / Big Number Card

infsh app run infsh/html-to-image --input '{
  "html": "<div style=\"display:flex;gap:20px;padding:20px;background:white;font-family:system-ui\"><div style=\"background:#f8fafc;border:1px solid #e2e8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:24px;width:200px;text-align:center\"><p style=\"color:#64748b;font-size:14px;margin:0\">Monthly Revenue</p><p style=\"font-size:48px;font-weight:900;margin:8px 0;color:#1e293b\">$89K</p><p style=\"color:#22c55e;font-size:14px;margin:0\">↑ 23% vs last month</p></div><div style=\"background:#f8fafc;border:1px solid #e2e8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:24px;width:200px;text-align:center\"><p style=\"color:#64748b;font-size:14px;margin:0\">Active Users</p><p style=\"font-size:48px;font-weight:900;margin:8px 0;color:#1e293b\">12.4K</p><p style=\"color:#22c55e;font-size:14px;margin:0\">↑ 8% vs last month</p></div><div style=\"background:#f8fafc;border:1px solid #e2e8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:24px;width:200px;text-align:center\"><p style=\"color:#64748b;font-size:14px;margin:0\">Churn Rate</p><p style=\"font-size:48px;font-weight:900;margin:8px 0;color:#1e293b\">2.1%</p><p style=\"color:#ef4444;font-size:14px;margin:0\">↑ 0.3% vs last month</p></div></div>"
}'

Heatmap

infsh app run infsh/python-executor --input '{
  "code": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport numpy as np\nimport matplotlib\nmatplotlib.use(\"Agg\")\n\nfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))\n\ndays = [\"Mon\", \"Tue\", \"Wed\", \"Thu\", \"Fri\", \"Sat\", \"Sun\"]\nhours = [\"9AM\", \"10AM\", \"11AM\", \"12PM\", \"1PM\", \"2PM\", \"3PM\", \"4PM\", \"5PM\"]\ndata = np.random.randint(10, 100, size=(len(hours), len(days)))\ndata[2][1] = 95  # Tuesday 11AM peak\ndata[2][3] = 88  # Thursday 11AM\n\nim = ax.imshow(data, cmap=\"Blues\", aspect=\"auto\")\nax.set_xticks(range(len(days)))\nax.set_yticks(range(len(hours)))\nax.set_xticklabels(days, fontsize=12)\nax.set_yticklabels(hours, fontsize=12)\n\nfor i in range(len(hours)):\n    for j in range(len(days)):\n        color = \"white\" if data[i][j] > 60 else \"black\"\n        ax.text(j, i, data[i][j], ha=\"center\", va=\"center\", fontsize=10, color=color)\n\nax.set_title(\"Website Traffic by Day & Hour\", fontsize=16, fontweight=\"bold\")\nplt.colorbar(im, label=\"Visitors\")\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.savefig(\"heatmap.png\", dpi=150)\nprint(\"Saved\")"
}'

Storytelling with Data

The Narrative Arc

Step	What to Do	Example
1. Context	Set up what the reader needs to know	"We track customer acquisition cost monthly"
2. Tension	Show the problem or change	"CAC increased 40% in Q3"
3. Resolution	Show the insight or solution	"But LTV increased 80%, so unit economics improved"

Title as Insight

❌ Descriptive titles (what the chart shows):
   "Q3 Revenue by Product Line"
   "Monthly Active Users 2024"
   "Customer Satisfaction Survey Results"

✅ Insight titles (what the chart means):
   "Enterprise product drives 70% of revenue growth"
   "User growth accelerated after the free tier launch"
   "Support response time is the #1 satisfaction driver"

Annotation Techniques

Technique	When to Use
Call-out label	Highlight a specific data point ("Peak: 320K")
Reference line	Show target/benchmark ("Goal: 100K")
Shaded region	Mark a time period ("Product launch window")
Arrow + text	Draw attention to trend change
Before/after line	Show impact of an event

Dark Mode Charts

infsh app run infsh/python-executor --input '{
  "code": "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport matplotlib\nmatplotlib.use(\"Agg\")\n\n# Dark theme\nplt.rcParams.update({\n    \"figure.facecolor\": \"#0f172a\",\n    \"axes.facecolor\": \"#0f172a\",\n    \"axes.edgecolor\": \"#334155\",\n    \"axes.labelcolor\": \"white\",\n    \"text.color\": \"white\",\n    \"xtick.color\": \"white\",\n    \"ytick.color\": \"white\",\n    \"grid.color\": \"#1e293b\"\n})\n\nfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 6))\nmonths = [\"Jan\", \"Feb\", \"Mar\", \"Apr\", \"May\", \"Jun\"]\nvalues = [45, 52, 58, 72, 85, 98]\n\nax.plot(months, values, color=\"#818cf8\", linewidth=3, marker=\"o\", markersize=8)\nax.fill_between(range(len(months)), values, alpha=0.15, color=\"#818cf8\")\nax.set_title(\"MRR Growth: On track for $100K\", fontsize=18, fontweight=\"bold\")\nax.set_ylabel(\"MRR ($K)\", fontsize=13)\nax.spines[\"top\"].set_visible(False)\nax.spines[\"right\"].set_visible(False)\nax.grid(axis=\"y\", alpha=0.2)\n\nfor i, v in enumerate(values):\n    ax.annotate(f\"${v}K\", (i, v), textcoords=\"offset points\", xytext=(0, 12), ha=\"center\", fontsize=11, fontweight=\"bold\")\n\nplt.tight_layout()\nplt.savefig(\"dark-chart.png\", dpi=150, facecolor=\"#0f172a\")\nprint(\"Saved\")"
}'

Common Mistakes

Mistake	Problem	Fix
Pie charts	Hard to compare, always misleading	Use bar charts or treemaps
Y-axis not starting at 0 (bar charts)	Exaggerates differences	Start at 0 for bars, OK to truncate for lines
Too many colors	Visual noise, confusing	Max 5-7 colors, highlight only what matters
No title or generic title	Reader doesn't know the insight	Title = the takeaway, not the data type
3D charts	Distorts data, looks unprofessional	Always use 2D
Dual Y-axes	Misleading, hard to read	Use two separate charts
Alphabetical sort on bar charts	Hides the story	Sort by value (largest first)
No labels on axes	Reader can't interpret	Always label with units
Chartjunk (decorative elements)	Distracts from data	Remove everything that doesn't convey information
Red/green only for color coding	Colorblind users can't read	Use shapes, patterns, or colorblind-safe palettes

Related Skills

npx skills add inference-sh/skills@pitch-deck-visuals
npx skills add inference-sh/skills@technical-blog-writing
npx skills add inference-sh/skills@competitor-teardown

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