ai-error-states

name	ai-error-states
description	Use when implementing handling AI-specific errors.
metadata	{"id":"ai-error-states","category":"ai-intelligence","pattern":"AI Error States","source":"uxpatterns.dev","url":"https://uxpatterns.dev/patterns/ai-intelligence/ai-error-states","sourcePath":"apps/web/content/patterns/ai-intelligence/ai-error-states.mdx"}

AI Error States

Handling AI-specific errors

What it solves

A AI Error States pattern helps teams create a reliable way to explain why an AI response failed and offer a recovery path that matches the real failure mode. It is most useful when teams need rate limit and provider errors. Compared with adjacent patterns, this pattern should reduce friction without hiding the state, rules, or recovery paths people need to keep moving.

When to use

• Rate limit and provider errors
• Safety or policy blocks
• Network and timeout failures during generation

When to avoid

• Avoid adding AI-specific UI when a standard non-AI workflow would be clearer and more reliable.
• Do not expose advanced controls unless users can actually benefit from them.
• Do not hide model uncertainty behind polished visuals alone.

Implementation workflow

1. Confirm the pattern matches the problem and constraints before copying the example.
2. Start from the anatomy and examples in references/pattern.md, then choose the smallest viable variation.
3. Apply accessibility, performance, and interaction guardrails before layering visual polish.
4. Use the testing guidance to verify behavior across keyboard, screen reader, responsive, and failure scenarios.

Accessibility guardrails

Keyboard Interaction

• Verify that ai error states can be completed using keyboard alone.
• Keep focus order logical when the pattern opens, updates, or reveals additional UI.
• Preserve a visible focus state that is still readable at high zoom.

Screen Reader Support

• Use semantic elements first, then add ARIA only where semantics alone are not enough.
• Announce state changes such as errors, loading, or completion in the right place and with the right politeness.
• Connect labels, hints, and status text with aria-describedby or structural headings when useful.

Visual Accessibility

• Do not rely on color alone to convey severity, completion, or selection state.

Performance guardrails

• Budget for network latency, token usage, and client-side rendering of long responses together, not as separate concerns.
• Stream or chunk content when it improves time-to-first-value, but stabilize layout so reading does not become jittery.
• Track expensive states such as long prompts, model changes, and retries so you can tune the experience with evidence.

Common mistakes

Hiding the system state

The Problem: Users cannot tell whether the model is waiting, streaming, retrying, or done.

How to Fix It? Expose clear request lifecycle states and keep them visible near the content they affect.

Treating failures like standard form errors

The Problem: AI failures include safety blocks, context limits, model availability, and partial output, not just a failed request.

How to Fix It? Differentiate failure modes and give recovery actions that match each one.

Ignoring token and latency budgets

The Problem: The experience feels unpredictable when responses get slower, shorter, or more expensive without explanation.

How to Fix It? Design token, latency, and provider constraints into the interface from the beginning.

Related patterns

• https://uxpatterns.dev/patterns/ai-intelligence/ai-loading-states
• https://uxpatterns.dev/patterns/ai-intelligence/response-feedback
• https://uxpatterns.dev/patterns/user-feedback/notification

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For full implementation detail, examples, and testing notes, see references/pattern.md.

Pattern page: https://uxpatterns.dev/patterns/ai-intelligence/ai-error-states