| name | kotlin-patterns |
| description | Patrones idiomáticos de Kotlin, buenas prácticas y convenciones para construir aplicaciones Kotlin robustas, eficientes y mantenibles con coroutines, null safety y builders de DSL. |
| origin | ECC |
Patrones de Desarrollo Kotlin
Patrones idiomáticos de Kotlin y buenas prácticas para construir aplicaciones robustas, eficientes y mantenibles.
Cuándo Usar
- Escribir nuevo código Kotlin
- Revisar código Kotlin
- Refactorizar código Kotlin existente
- Diseñar módulos o librerías Kotlin
- Configurar builds con Gradle Kotlin DSL
Cómo Funciona
Este skill aplica convenciones idiomáticas de Kotlin en siete áreas clave: null safety usando el sistema de tipos y operadores de llamada segura, inmutabilidad mediante val y copy() en data classes, clases selladas e interfaces para jerarquías de tipos exhaustivas, concurrencia estructurada con coroutines y Flow, funciones de extensión para agregar comportamiento sin herencia, builders de DSL type-safe usando @DslMarker y receptores lambda, y Gradle Kotlin DSL para configuración de build.
Ejemplos
Null safety con el operador Elvis:
fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
return user?.email ?: "unknown@example.com"
}
Sealed class para resultados exhaustivos:
sealed class Result<out T> {
data class Success<T>(val data: T) : Result<T>()
data class Failure(val error: AppError) : Result<Nothing>()
data object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
}
Concurrencia estructurada con async/await:
suspend fun fetchUserWithPosts(userId: String): UserProfile =
coroutineScope {
val user = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
val posts = async { postService.getUserPosts(userId) }
UserProfile(user = user.await(), posts = posts.await())
}
Principios Fundamentales
1. Null Safety
El sistema de tipos de Kotlin distingue tipos nullable de no-nullable. Aprovecharlo al máximo.
fun getUser(id: String): User {
return userRepository.findById(id)
?: throw UserNotFoundException("User $id not found")
}
fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
return user?.email ?: "unknown@example.com"
}
fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
return user!!.email
}
2. Inmutabilidad por Defecto
Preferir val sobre var, colecciones inmutables sobre mutables.
data class User(
val id: String,
val name: String,
val email: String,
)
fun updateEmail(user: User, newEmail: String): User =
user.copy(email = newEmail)
val users: List<User> = listOf(user1, user2)
val filtered = users.filter { it.email.isNotBlank() }
var currentUser: User? = null
val mutableUsers = mutableListOf<User>()
3. Cuerpos de Expresión y Funciones de Una Sola Expresión
Usar cuerpos de expresión para funciones concisas y legibles.
fun isAdult(age: Int): Boolean = age >= 18
fun formatFullName(first: String, last: String): String =
"$first $last".trim()
fun User.displayName(): String =
name.ifBlank { email.substringBefore('@') }
fun statusMessage(code: Int): String = when (code) {
200 -> "OK"
404 -> "Not Found"
500 -> "Internal Server Error"
else -> "Unknown status: $code"
}
fun isAdult(age: Int): Boolean {
return age >= 18
}
4. Data Classes para Objetos de Valor
Usar data classes para tipos que principalmente contienen datos.
data class CreateUserRequest(
val name: String,
val email: String,
val role: Role = Role.USER,
)
@JvmInline
value class UserId(val value: String) {
init {
require(value.isNotBlank()) { "UserId cannot be blank" }
}
}
@JvmInline
value class Email(val value: String) {
init {
require('@' in value) { "Invalid email: $value" }
}
}
fun getUser(id: UserId): User = userRepository.findById(id)
Clases Selladas e Interfaces
Modelar Jerarquías Restringidas
sealed class Result<out T> {
data class Success<T>(val data: T) : Result<T>()
data class Failure(val error: AppError) : Result<Nothing>()
data object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
}
fun <T> Result<T>.getOrNull(): T? = when (this) {
is Result.Success -> data
is Result.Failure -> null
is Result.Loading -> null
}
fun <T> Result<T>.getOrThrow(): T = when (this) {
is Result.Success -> data
is Result.Failure -> throw error.toException()
is Result.Loading -> throw IllegalStateException("Still loading")
}
Sealed Interfaces para Respuestas de API
sealed interface ApiError {
val message: String
data class NotFound(override val message: String) : ApiError
data class Unauthorized(override val message: String) : ApiError
data class Validation(
override val message: String,
val field: String,
) : ApiError
data class Internal(
override val message: String,
val cause: Throwable? = null,
) : ApiError
}
fun ApiError.toStatusCode(): Int = when (this) {
is ApiError.NotFound -> 404
is ApiError.Unauthorized -> 401
is ApiError.Validation -> 422
is ApiError.Internal -> 500
}
Funciones de Scope
Cuándo Usar Cada Una
val length: Int? = name?.let { it.trim().length }
val user = User().apply {
name = "Alice"
email = "alice@example.com"
}
val user = createUser(request).also { logger.info("Created user: ${it.id}") }
val result = connection.run {
prepareStatement(sql)
executeQuery()
}
val csv = with(StringBuilder()) {
appendLine("name,email")
users.forEach { appendLine("${it.name},${it.email}") }
toString()
}
Anti-Patrones
user?.let { u ->
u.address?.let { addr ->
addr.city?.let { city ->
println(city)
}
}
}
val city = user?.address?.city
city?.let { println(it) }
Funciones de Extensión
Agregar Funcionalidad Sin Herencia
fun String.toSlug(): String =
lowercase()
.replace(Regex("[^a-z0-9\\s-]"), "")
.replace(Regex("\\s+"), "-")
.trim('-')
fun Instant.toLocalDate(zone: ZoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault()): LocalDate =
atZone(zone).toLocalDate()
fun <T> List<T>.second(): T = this[1]
fun <T> List<T>.secondOrNull(): T? = getOrNull(1)
class UserService {
private fun User.isActive(): Boolean =
status == Status.ACTIVE && lastLogin.isAfter(Instant.now().minus(30, ChronoUnit.DAYS))
fun getActiveUsers(): List<User> = userRepository.findAll().filter { it.isActive() }
}
Coroutines
Concurrencia Estructurada
suspend fun fetchUserWithPosts(userId: String): UserProfile =
coroutineScope {
val userDeferred = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
val postsDeferred = async { postService.getUserPosts(userId) }
UserProfile(
user = userDeferred.await(),
posts = postsDeferred.await(),
)
}
suspend fun fetchDashboard(userId: String): Dashboard =
supervisorScope {
val user = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
val notifications = async { notificationService.getRecent(userId) }
val recommendations = async { recommendationService.getFor(userId) }
Dashboard(
user = user.await(),
notifications = try {
notifications.await()
} catch (e: CancellationException) {
throw e
} catch (e: Exception) {
emptyList()
},
recommendations = try {
recommendations.await()
} catch (e: CancellationException) {
throw e
} catch (e: Exception) {
emptyList()
},
)
}
Flow para Streams Reactivos
fun observeUsers(): Flow<List<User>> = flow {
while (currentCoroutineContext().isActive) {
val users = userRepository.findAll()
emit(users)
delay(5.seconds)
}
}.catch { e ->
logger.error("Error observing users", e)
emit(emptyList())
}
fun searchUsers(query: Flow<String>): Flow<List<User>> =
query
.debounce(300.milliseconds)
.distinctUntilChanged()
.filter { it.length >= 2 }
.mapLatest { q -> userRepository.search(q) }
.catch { emit(emptyList()) }
Cancelación y Limpieza
suspend fun processItems(items: List<Item>) {
items.forEach { item ->
ensureActive()
processItem(item)
}
}
suspend fun acquireAndProcess() {
val resource = acquireResource()
try {
resource.process()
} finally {
withContext(NonCancellable) {
resource.release()
}
}
}
Delegación
Delegación de Propiedades
val expensiveData: List<User> by lazy {
userRepository.findAll()
}
var name: String by Delegates.observable("initial") { _, old, new ->
logger.info("Name changed from '$old' to '$new'")
}
class Config(private val map: Map<String, Any?>) {
val host: String by map
val port: Int by map
val debug: Boolean by map
}
val config = Config(mapOf("host" to "localhost", "port" to 8080, "debug" to true))
Delegación de Interfaces
class LoggingUserRepository(
private val delegate: UserRepository,
private val logger: Logger,
) : UserRepository by delegate {
override suspend fun findById(id: String): User? {
logger.info("Finding user by id: $id")
return delegate.findById(id).also {
logger.info("Found user: ${it?.name ?: "null"}")
}
}
}
Builders de DSL
Builders Type-Safe
@DslMarker
annotation class HtmlDsl
@HtmlDsl
class HTML {
private val children = mutableListOf<Element>()
fun head(init: Head.() -> Unit) {
children += Head().apply(init)
}
fun body(init: Body.() -> Unit) {
children += Body().apply(init)
}
override fun toString(): String = children.joinToString("\n")
}
fun html(init: HTML.() -> Unit): HTML = HTML().apply(init)
val page = html {
head { title("My Page") }
body {
h1("Welcome")
p("Hello, World!")
}
}
DSL de Configuración
data class ServerConfig(
val host: String = "0.0.0.0",
val port: Int = 8080,
val ssl: SslConfig? = null,
val database: DatabaseConfig? = null,
)
data class SslConfig(val certPath: String, val keyPath: String)
data class DatabaseConfig(val url: String, val maxPoolSize: Int = 10)
class ServerConfigBuilder {
var host: String = "0.0.0.0"
var port: Int = 8080
private var ssl: SslConfig? = null
private var database: DatabaseConfig? = null
fun ssl(certPath: String, keyPath: String) {
ssl = SslConfig(certPath, keyPath)
}
fun database(url: String, maxPoolSize: Int = 10) {
database = DatabaseConfig(url, maxPoolSize)
}
fun build(): ServerConfig = ServerConfig(host, port, ssl, database)
}
fun serverConfig(init: ServerConfigBuilder.() -> Unit): ServerConfig =
ServerConfigBuilder().apply(init).build()
val config = serverConfig {
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 443
ssl("/certs/cert.pem", "/certs/key.pem")
database("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb", maxPoolSize = 20)
}
Secuencias para Evaluación Diferida
val result = users.asSequence()
.filter { it.isActive }
.map { it.email }
.filter { it.endsWith("@company.com") }
.take(10)
.toList()
val fibonacci: Sequence<Long> = sequence {
var a = 0L
var b = 1L
while (true) {
yield(a)
val next = a + b
a = b
b = next
}
}
val first20 = fibonacci.take(20).toList()
Gradle Kotlin DSL
Configuración de build.gradle.kts
plugins {
kotlin("jvm") version "2.3.10"
kotlin("plugin.serialization") version "2.3.10"
id("io.ktor.plugin") version "3.4.0"
id("org.jetbrains.kotlinx.kover") version "0.9.7"
id("io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt") version "1.23.8"
}
group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"
kotlin {
jvmToolchain(21)
}
dependencies {
implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-core:3.4.0")
implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-netty:3.4.0")
implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-content-negotiation:3.4.0")
implementation("io.ktor:ktor-serialization-kotlinx-json:3.4.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-core:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-dao:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-jdbc:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-kotlin-datetime:1.0.0")
implementation("io.insert-koin:koin-ktor:4.2.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.10.2")
testImplementation("io.kotest:kotest-runner-junit5:6.1.4")
testImplementation("io.kotest:kotest-assertions-core:6.1.4")
testImplementation("io.kotest:kotest-property:6.1.4")
testImplementation("io.mockk:mockk:1.14.9")
testImplementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-test-host:3.4.0")
testImplementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-test:1.10.2")
}
tasks.withType<Test> {
useJUnitPlatform()
}
detekt {
config.setFrom(files("config/detekt/detekt.yml"))
buildUponDefaultConfig = true
}
Patrones de Manejo de Errores
Tipo Result para Operaciones de Dominio
suspend fun createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): Result<User> = runCatching {
require(request.name.isNotBlank()) { "Name cannot be blank" }
require('@' in request.email) { "Invalid email format" }
val user = User(
id = UserId(UUID.randomUUID().toString()),
name = request.name,
email = Email(request.email),
)
userRepository.save(user)
user
}
val displayName = createUser(request)
.map { it.name }
.getOrElse { "Unknown" }
require, check, error
fun withdraw(account: Account, amount: Money): Account {
require(amount.value > 0) { "Amount must be positive: $amount" }
check(account.balance >= amount) { "Insufficient balance: ${account.balance} < $amount" }
return account.copy(balance = account.balance - amount)
}
Operaciones de Colecciones
Procesamiento Idiomático de Colecciones
val activeAdminEmails: List<String> = users
.filter { it.role == Role.ADMIN && it.isActive }
.sortedBy { it.name }
.map { it.email }
val usersByRole: Map<Role, List<User>> = users.groupBy { it.role }
val oldestByRole: Map<Role, User?> = users.groupBy { it.role }
.mapValues { (_, users) -> users.minByOrNull { it.createdAt } }
val usersById: Map<UserId, User> = users.associateBy { it.id }
val (active, inactive) = users.partition { it.isActive }
Referencia Rápida: Modismos de Kotlin
| Modismo | Descripción |
|---|
val sobre var | Preferir variables inmutables |
data class | Para objetos de valor con equals/hashCode/copy |
sealed class/interface | Para jerarquías de tipos restringidas |
value class | Para wrappers type-safe con cero overhead |
when expresión | Pattern matching exhaustivo |
Llamada segura ?. | Acceso a miembros null-safe |
Elvis ?: | Valor por defecto para nullables |
let/apply/also/run/with | Funciones de scope para código limpio |
| Funciones de extensión | Agregar comportamiento sin herencia |
copy() | Actualizaciones inmutables en data classes |
require/check | Aserciones de precondiciones |
Coroutine async/await | Ejecución concurrente estructurada |
Flow | Streams reactivos fríos |
sequence | Evaluación diferida |
Delegación by | Reutilizar implementación sin herencia |
Anti-Patrones a Evitar
val name = user!!.name
fun getLength(s: String) = s.length
fun getLength(s: String?) = s?.length ?: 0
data class MutableUser(var name: String, var email: String)
try {
val user = findUser(id)
} catch (e: NotFoundException) {
}
val user: User? = findUserOrNull(id)
GlobalScope.launch { }
coroutineScope {
launch { }
}
user?.let { u ->
u.address?.let { a ->
a.city?.let { c -> process(c) }
}
}
user?.address?.city?.let { process(it) }
Recuerda: El código Kotlin debe ser conciso pero legible. Aprovecha el sistema de tipos para seguridad, prefiere la inmutabilidad y usa coroutines para concurrencia. Ante la duda, deja que el compilador te ayude.