frontend-patterns
Frontend development patterns for React, Next.js, state management, performance optimization, and UI best practices.
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- affaan-m/ECC
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- June 7, 2026 at 05:26
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- frontend-patterns
- description
- Frontend development patterns for React, Next.js, state management, performance optimization, and UI best practices.
# 前端開發模式
用於 React、Next.js 和高效能使用者介面的現代前端模式。
## 元件模式
### 組合優於繼承
```typescript
// PASS: 良好：元件組合
interface CardProps {
children: React.ReactNode
variant?: 'default' | 'outlined'
}
export function Card({ children, variant = 'default' }: CardProps) {
return <div className={`card card-${variant}`}>{children}</div>
}
export function CardHeader({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
return <div className="card-header">{children}</div>
}
export function CardBody({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
return <div className="card-body">{children}</div>
}
// 使用方式
<Card>
<CardHeader>標題</CardHeader>
<CardBody>內容</CardBody>
</Card>
```
### 複合元件
```typescript
interface TabsContextValue {
activeTab: string
setActiveTab: (tab: string) => void
}
const TabsContext = createContext<TabsContextValue | undefined>(undefined)
export function Tabs({ children, defaultTab }: {
children: React.ReactNode
defaultTab: string
}) {
const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultTab)
return (
<TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
{children}
</TabsContext.Provider>
)
}
export function TabList({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
return <div className="tab-list">{children}</div>
}
export function Tab({ id, children }: { id: string, children: React.ReactNode }) {
const context = useContext(TabsContext)
if (!context) throw new Error('Tab must be used within Tabs')
return (
<button
className={context.activeTab === id ? 'active' : ''}
onClick={() => context.setActiveTab(id)}
>
{children}
</button>
)
}
// 使用方式
<Tabs defaultTab="overview">
<TabList>
<Tab id="overview">概覽</Tab>
<Tab id="details">詳情</Tab>
</TabList>
</Tabs>
```
### Render Props 模式
```typescript
interface DataLoaderProps<T> {
url: string
children: (data: T | null, loading: boolean, error: Error | null) => React.ReactNode
}
export function DataLoader<T>({ url, children }: DataLoaderProps<T>) {
const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
useEffect(() => {
fetch(url)
.then(res => res.json())
.then(setData)
.catch(setError)
.finally(() => setLoading(false))
}, [url])
return <>{children(data, loading, error)}</>
}
// 使用方式
<DataLoader<Market[]> url="/api/markets">
{(markets, loading, error) => {
if (loading) return <Spinner />
if (error) return <Error error={error} />
return <MarketList markets={markets!} />
}}
</DataLoader>
```
## 自訂 Hooks 模式
### 狀態管理 Hook
```typescript
export function useToggle(initialValue = false): [boolean, () => void] {
const [value, setValue] = useState(initialValue)
const toggle = useCallback(() => {
setValue(v => !v)
}, [])
return [value, toggle]
}
// 使用方式
const [isOpen, toggleOpen] = useToggle()
```
### 非同步資料取得 Hook
```typescript
interface UseQueryOptions<T> {
onSuccess?: (data: T) => void
onError?: (error: Error) => void
enabled?: boolean
}
export function useQuery<T>(
key: string,
fetcher: () => Promise<T>,
options?: UseQueryOptions<T>
) {
const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
// 將最新的 fetcher/options 保存在 ref 中，讓 refetch 即使在呼叫端
// 傳入行內函式與物件字面值時也能保持參照穩定。
// 若沒有這麼做，每次渲染都會建立新的 refetch，下方的 effect 會在
// 每次狀態更新後重新執行，造成無限取得迴圈。
const fetcherRef = useRef(fetcher)
const optionsRef = useRef(options)
useEffect(() => {
fetcherRef.current = fetcher
optionsRef.current = options
})
const refetch = useCallback(async () => {
setLoading(true)
setError(null)
try {
const result = await fetcherRef.current()
setData(result)
optionsRef.current?.onSuccess?.(result)
} catch (err) {
const error = err as Error
setError(error)
optionsRef.current?.onError?.(error)
} finally {
setLoading(false)
}
}, [])
const enabled = options?.enabled !== false
useEffect(() => {
if (enabled) {
refetch()
}
}, [key, enabled, refetch])
return { data, error, loading, refetch }
}
// 使用方式
const { data: markets, loading, error, refetch } = useQuery(
'markets',
() => fetch('/api/markets').then(r => r.json()),
{
onSuccess: data => console.log('Fetched', data.length, 'markets'),
onError: err => console.error('Failed:', err)
}
)
```
### Debounce Hook
```typescript
export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T {
const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value)
useEffect(() => {
const handler = setTimeout(() => {
setDebouncedValue(value)
}, delay)
return () => clearTimeout(handler)
}, [value, delay])
return debouncedValue
}
// 使用方式
const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('')
const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)
useEffect(() => {
if (debouncedQuery) {
performSearch(debouncedQuery)
}
}, [debouncedQuery])
```
## 狀態管理模式
### Context + Reducer 模式
```typescript
interface State {
markets: Market[]
selectedMarket: Market | null
loading: boolean
}
type Action =
| { type: 'SET_MARKETS'; payload: Market[] }
| { type: 'SELECT_MARKET'; payload: Market }
| { type: 'SET_LOADING'; payload: boolean }
function reducer(state: State, action: Action): State {
switch (action.type) {
case 'SET_MARKETS':
return { ...state, markets: action.payload }
case 'SELECT_MARKET':
return { ...state, selectedMarket: action.payload }
case 'SET_LOADING':
return { ...state, loading: action.payload }
default:
return state
}
}
const MarketContext = createContext<{
state: State
dispatch: Dispatch<Action>
} | undefined>(undefined)
export function MarketProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {
markets: [],
selectedMarket: null,
loading: false
})
return (
<MarketContext.Provider value={{ state, dispatch }}>
{children}
</MarketContext.Provider>
)
}
export function useMarkets() {
const context = useContext(MarketContext)
if (!context) throw new Error('useMarkets must be used within MarketProvider')
return context
}
```
## 效能優化
### 記憶化
```typescript
// PASS: useMemo 用於昂貴計算
// 排序前先複製 - Array.prototype.sort 會就地修改陣列
const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => {
return [...markets].sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume)
}, [markets])
// PASS: useCallback 用於傳遞給子元件的函式
const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => {
setSearchQuery(query)
}, [])
// PASS: React.memo 用於純元件
export const MarketCard = React.memo<MarketCardProps>(({ market }) => {
return (
<div className="market-card">
<h3>{market.name}</h3>
<p>{market.description}</p>
</div>
)
})
```
### 程式碼分割與延遲載入
```typescript
import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'
// PASS: 延遲載入重型元件
const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart'))
const ThreeJsBackground = lazy(() => import('./ThreeJsBackground'))
export function Dashboard() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
<HeavyChart data={data} />
</Suspense>
<Suspense fallback={null}>
<ThreeJsBackground />
</Suspense>
</div>
)
}
```
### 長列表虛擬化
```typescript
import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'
export function VirtualMarketList({ markets }: { markets: Market[] }) {
const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
count: markets.length,
getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
estimateSize: () => 100, // 預估行高
overscan: 5 // 額外渲染的項目數
})
return (
<div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '600px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
<div
style={{
height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`,
position: 'relative'
}}
>
{virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map(virtualRow => (
<div
key={virtualRow.index}
style={{
position: 'absolute',
top: 0,
left: 0,
width: '100%',
height: `${virtualRow.size}px`,
transform: `translateY(${virtualRow.start}px)`
}}
>
<MarketCard market={markets[virtualRow.index]} />
</div>
))}
</div>
</div>
)
}
```
## 表單處理模式
### 帶驗證的受控表單
```typescript
interface FormData {
name: string
description: string
endDate: string
}
interface FormErrors {
name?: string
description?: string
endDate?: string
}
export function CreateMarketForm() {
const [formData, setFormData] = useState<FormData>({
name: '',
description: '',
endDate: ''
})
const [errors, setErrors] = useState<FormErrors>({})
const validate = (): boolean => {
const newErrors: FormErrors = {}
if (!formData.name.trim()) {
newErrors.name = '名稱為必填'
} else if (formData.name.length > 200) {
newErrors.name = '名稱必須少於 200 個字元'
}
if (!formData.description.trim()) {
newErrors.description = '描述為必填'
}
if (!formData.endDate) {
newErrors.endDate = '結束日期為必填'
}
setErrors(newErrors)
return Object.keys(newErrors).length === 0
}
const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
e.preventDefault()
if (!validate()) return
try {
await createMarket(formData)
// 成功處理
} catch (error) {
// 錯誤處理
}
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<input
value={formData.name}
onChange={e => setFormData(prev => ({ ...prev, name: e.target.value }))}
placeholder="市場名稱"
/>
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