12-factor-apps

name	12-factor-apps
description	Perform 12-Factor App compliance analysis on any codebase. Use when evaluating application architecture, auditing SaaS applications, or reviewing cloud-native applications against the original 12-Factor methodology.

12-Factor App Compliance Analysis

Reference: The Twelve-Factor App

Overview

The 12-Factor App methodology is a set of best practices for building Software-as-a-Service applications that are:

• Portable across execution environments
• Scalable without architectural changes
• Suitable for continuous deployment
• Maintainable with minimal friction

Input Parameters

Parameter	Description	Required
codebase_path	Root path of the codebase to analyze	Required

Analysis Framework

Factor I: Codebase

Principle: One codebase tracked in revision control, many deploys.

Search Patterns:

# Check for version control
ls -la .git 2>/dev/null || ls -la .hg 2>/dev/null

# Check for multiple apps sharing codebase
find . -name "package.json" -o -name "pyproject.toml" -o -name "setup.py" | head -20

# Check for environment-specific code branches
grep -r "if.*production\|if.*development\|if.*staging" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

File Patterns: .git/, package.json, pyproject.toml, deployment configs

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Single Git repo, same codebase for all environments, no env-specific code branches
Partial	Single repo but some environment-specific code paths
Weak	Multiple repos for same app or significant code duplication across environments

Anti-patterns:

• Multiple Git repositories for the same application
• Environment-specific code branches (if production: ...)
• Different source files for dev vs prod
• Shared code not extracted to libraries

---

Factor II: Dependencies

Principle: Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies.

Search Patterns:

# Python dependency files
find . -name "requirements.txt" -o -name "pyproject.toml" -o -name "setup.py" -o -name "Pipfile" -o -name "uv.lock"

# JavaScript/TypeScript dependency files
find . -name "package.json" -o -name "package-lock.json" -o -name "yarn.lock" -o -name "pnpm-lock.yaml"

# Check for system tool assumptions
grep -r "subprocess.*curl\|subprocess.*wget\|os.system.*ffmpeg\|shutil.which" --include="*.py"
grep -r "exec.*curl\|child_process.*curl" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Docker/container isolation
find . -name "Dockerfile" -o -name "docker-compose*.yml"

File Patterns: **/requirements*.txt, **/package.json, **/*.lock, **/Dockerfile

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Lock files present, dependency isolation (venv/Docker), no implicit system tools
Partial	Dependencies declared but no lock files or isolation
Weak	Dependencies in documentation only, relies on system-installed packages

Anti-patterns:

• Missing lock files (non-deterministic builds)
• Assuming system tools (curl, ImageMagick, ffmpeg) are available
• Different dependency managers in dev vs production
• No virtual environment or container isolation

---

Factor III: Config

Principle: Store config in the environment.

Search Patterns:

# Environment variable usage
grep -r "os.environ\|os.getenv\|process.env\|ENV\[" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" --include="*.rb"

# Hardcoded credentials (anti-pattern)
grep -r "password.*=.*['\"]" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v "test\|spec\|example"
grep -r "api_key.*=.*['\"]" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v "test\|spec\|example"
grep -r "secret.*=.*['\"]" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v "test\|spec\|example"

# Environment-specific config files (anti-pattern)
find . -name "config.dev.*" -o -name "config.prod.*" -o -name "settings.development.*" -o -name "settings.production.*"

# Database URLs in code
grep -r "postgresql://\|mysql://\|mongodb://\|redis://" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v ".env\|test\|example"

File Patterns: **/.env*, **/config/*.py, **/settings.py, environment files

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	All config via environment variables, no hardcoded secrets, could open-source without leaks
Partial	Most config externalized but some hardcoded defaults
Weak	Hardcoded credentials, environment-specific config files

Anti-patterns:

• Hardcoded database URLs, API keys, passwords in source
• Config files like config/production.yml vs config/development.yml
• Environment grouping (if ENV == 'production': ...)
• Secrets committed to version control

---

Factor IV: Backing Services

Principle: Treat backing services as attached resources.

Search Patterns:

# Database connection via config
grep -r "DATABASE_URL\|DB_HOST\|REDIS_URL\|CACHE_URL" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Service initialization
grep -r "create_engine\|MongoClient\|Redis\|Celery\|boto3" --include="*.py"
grep -r "createPool\|createClient\|new Redis\|S3Client" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Hardcoded service locations (anti-pattern)
grep -r "localhost:5432\|localhost:6379\|localhost:27017\|127.0.0.1" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v "test\|spec\|example\|default"

File Patterns: **/database/*.py, **/services/*.py, **/db.py, connection configurations

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	All services via URL/connection string in config, swappable without code changes
Partial	Most services configurable but some hardcoded defaults
Weak	Hardcoded service locations, different code paths per environment

Anti-patterns:

• Hardcoded localhost for services in production code
• Conditional logic for local vs cloud services (if USE_S3: ... else: local_storage)
• Service-specific code paths based on environment
• Different drivers for dev vs prod

---

Factor V: Build, Release, Run

Principle: Strictly separate build and run stages.

Search Patterns:

# Build/deploy configuration
find . -name "Dockerfile" -o -name "Makefile" -o -name "build.sh" -o -name "deploy.sh"
find . -name ".github/workflows/*.yml" -o -name ".gitlab-ci.yml" -o -name "Jenkinsfile"

# Build scripts in package.json
grep -A5 '"scripts"' package.json 2>/dev/null | grep -E "build|start|deploy"

# Check for runtime compilation (anti-pattern)
grep -r "compile\|transpile\|webpack" --include="*.py" | grep -v "test\|build"

File Patterns: **/Dockerfile, **/Makefile, **/.github/workflows/**, CI/CD configs

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Immutable releases, clear build/release/run stages, unique release IDs
Partial	Build and run separated but release not immutable
Weak	Runtime code modifications, asset compilation at startup

Anti-patterns:

• Runtime code modifications
• Asset compilation during application startup
• Configuration baked into build artifacts
• No release versioning

---

Factor VI: Processes

Principle: Execute the app as one or more stateless processes.

Search Patterns:

# Session storage patterns
grep -r "session\|Session" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | head -20

# In-process state (anti-pattern)
grep -r "global.*cache\|process_local\|instance_cache" --include="*.py"
grep -r "global\..*=\|module\.exports\.cache" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# External session stores (good pattern)
grep -r "redis.*session\|memcached.*session\|session.*redis" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Sticky session configuration (anti-pattern)
grep -r "sticky.*session\|session.*affinity" --include="*.yml" --include="*.yaml" --include="*.json"

File Patterns: **/middleware/*.py, **/session/*.py, server configurations

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Stateless processes, all state in external datastores (Redis, DB)
Partial	Mostly stateless but some in-process caching
Weak	Sticky sessions, in-process session storage, shared memory state

Anti-patterns:

• In-process session storage (user_sessions = {})
• Sticky sessions or session affinity
• File-based caching between requests
• Global mutable state shared across requests

---

Factor VII: Port Binding

Principle: Export services via port binding.

Search Patterns:

# Self-contained port binding
grep -r "app.run\|server.listen\|serve\|uvicorn" --include="*.py"
grep -r "app.listen\|server.listen\|createServer" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# PORT environment variable
grep -r "PORT\|port" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -i "environ\|process.env"

# Webserver as dependency
grep -r "uvicorn\|gunicorn\|flask\|fastapi\|express\|koa\|hapi" package.json pyproject.toml requirements.txt 2>/dev/null

File Patterns: **/main.py, **/server.py, **/app.py, **/index.js

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Self-contained app binds to PORT, webserver is a dependency
Partial	Port binding but not configurable via environment
Weak	Relies on external webserver container (Apache, Nginx) to provide HTTP

Anti-patterns:

• Relying on Apache/Nginx/Tomcat to inject webserver functionality
• Hardcoded port numbers
• No PORT environment variable support
• CGI scripts or server modules

---

Factor VIII: Concurrency

Principle: Scale out via the process model.

Search Patterns:

# Process definitions
find . -name "Procfile" -o -name "process.yml" -o -name ".foreman"

# Multiple entry points
find . -name "worker.py" -o -name "scheduler.py" -o -name "web.py"

# Background job systems
grep -r "celery\|rq\|sidekiq\|bull\|agenda" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"
grep -r "Celery\|Worker\|BackgroundJob" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

File Patterns: **/Procfile, **/worker.py, **/scheduler.py, queue configurations

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Explicit process types (web, worker, scheduler), horizontal scaling
Partial	Multiple process types but not easily scalable
Weak	Single monolithic process, no separation of concerns

Anti-patterns:

• Single process handling all workloads
• Hard-coded worker counts in code
• No separation between web and background processes
• Vertical scaling only (bigger server, not more processes)

---

Factor IX: Disposability

Principle: Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful shutdown.

Search Patterns:

# Signal handlers
grep -r "signal.signal\|SIGTERM\|SIGINT\|atexit" --include="*.py"
grep -r "process.on.*SIGTERM\|process.on.*SIGINT" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Graceful shutdown
grep -r "graceful.*shutdown\|shutdown_handler\|cleanup" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Startup time
grep -r "startup\|initialize\|bootstrap" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | head -20

File Patterns: **/main.py, **/server.py, lifecycle management code

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Fast startup (<10s), SIGTERM handling, graceful shutdown, jobs returnable to queue
Partial	Graceful shutdown but slow startup
Weak	No signal handling, jobs lost on process death, slow startup

Anti-patterns:

• No SIGTERM/SIGINT handlers
• Slow startup (>30 seconds)
• Jobs lost if process crashes
• No cleanup on shutdown

---

Factor X: Dev/Prod Parity

Principle: Keep development, staging, and production as similar as possible.

Search Patterns:

# Different services per environment (anti-pattern)
grep -r "if.*development.*sqlite\|if.*production.*postgres" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"
grep -r "development.*SQLite\|production.*PostgreSQL" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

# Docker for parity
find . -name "docker-compose*.yml" -o -name "Dockerfile"

# Environment-specific backends
grep -r "USE_LOCAL_\|LOCAL_STORAGE\|MOCK_" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

File Patterns: **/docker-compose*.yml, environment configurations

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Same services everywhere (PostgreSQL in dev and prod), containerized
Partial	Mostly same but some lightweight dev alternatives
Weak	SQLite in dev, PostgreSQL in prod; different backing services

Anti-patterns:

• SQLite for development, PostgreSQL for production
• In-memory cache in dev, Redis in prod
• Different service versions across environments
• "It works on my machine" issues

---

Factor XI: Logs

Principle: Treat logs as event streams.

Search Patterns:

# Stdout logging
grep -r "print(\|logging.info\|logger.info\|console.log" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | head -20

# File-based logging (anti-pattern)
grep -r "FileHandler\|open.*\.log\|writeFile.*log\|fs.appendFile.*log" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"
grep -r "/var/log\|/tmp/.*\.log\|logs/" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts" | grep -v "test\|example"

# Structured logging
grep -r "structlog\|json_logger\|pino\|winston" --include="*.py" --include="*.js" --include="*.ts"

File Patterns: **/logging.py, **/logger.py, logging configurations

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Unbuffered stdout only, structured logging (JSON), no file management
Partial	Stdout logging but with some file handlers
Weak	Application writes to log files, manages rotation

Anti-patterns:

• Writing logs to files (FileHandler, open('/var/log/app.log'))
• Log rotation logic in application code
• Log archival managed by application
• Buffered logging

---

Factor XII: Admin Processes

Principle: Run admin/management tasks as one-off processes.

Search Patterns:

# Management commands
find . -name "manage.py" -o -name "Rakefile" -o -name "artisan"
grep -r "@cli.command\|@click.command\|typer.command" --include="*.py"

# Migration scripts
find . -name "migrations" -type d
find . -name "*migration*.py" -o -name "*migrate*.py"

# Admin scripts with proper isolation
grep -r "bundle exec\|source.*venv\|uv run" --include="*.sh" --include="Makefile"

File Patterns: **/manage.py, **/cli.py, **/migrations/**, admin scripts

Compliance Criteria:

Level	Criteria
Strong	Admin tasks use same dependencies/config, proper isolation, idempotent
Partial	Admin tasks exist but different setup from app
Weak	Manual database manipulation, scripts without isolation

Anti-patterns:

• Admin scripts not using app's dependency manager
• Direct SQL manipulation outside of migrations
• Admin scripts with hardcoded credentials
• Non-idempotent migrations

---

Output Format

Executive Summary Table

| Factor | Status | Notes |
|--------|--------|-------|
| I. Codebase | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| II. Dependencies | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| III. Config | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| IV. Backing Services | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| V. Build/Release/Run | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| VI. Processes | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| VII. Port Binding | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| VIII. Concurrency | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| IX. Disposability | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| X. Dev/Prod Parity | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| XI. Logs | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |
| XII. Admin Processes | **Strong/Partial/Weak** | [Key finding] |

**Overall**: X Strong, Y Partial, Z Weak

Per-Factor Analysis

For each factor, provide:

1. Current Implementation

   • Evidence with file:line references
   • Code snippets showing patterns

2. Compliance Level

   • Strong/Partial/Weak with justification

3. Gaps

   • What's missing vs. 12-Factor ideal

4. Recommendations

   • Actionable improvements with code examples

---

Analysis Workflow

1. Initial Scan

   • Run search patterns for all factors
   • Identify key files for each factor
   • Note any existing compliance documentation

2. Deep Dive (per factor)

   • Read identified files
   • Evaluate against compliance criteria
   • Document evidence with file paths

3. Gap Analysis

   • Compare current vs. 12-Factor ideal
   • Identify anti-patterns present
   • Prioritize by impact

4. Recommendations

   • Provide actionable improvements
   • Include before/after code examples
   • Reference best practices

5. Summary

   • Compile executive summary table
   • Highlight strengths and critical gaps
   • Suggest priority order for improvements

---

Quick Reference: Compliance Scoring

Score	Meaning	Action
Strong	Fully implements principle	Maintain, minor optimizations
Partial	Some implementation, significant gaps	Planned improvements
Weak	Minimal or no implementation	High priority for roadmap

When to Use This Skill

• Evaluating new SaaS applications
• Reviewing cloud-native architecture decisions
• Auditing production applications for scalability
• Planning migration to cloud platforms
• Comparing application architectures
• Preparing for containerization/Kubernetes deployment