name	vault
description	HashiCorp Vault secrets management. Use for secrets.

HashiCorp Vault

Vault is a tool for securely accessing secrets. A secret is anything that you want to tightly control access to, such as API keys, passwords, or certificates. Vault provides a unified interface to any secret while providing tight access control and recording a detailed audit log.

When to Use

Dynamic Secrets: Generating temporary AWS credentials (TTL 15m) for a specific task.
Encryption as a Service: Encrypting application data (Credit Cards) without the app managing the keys (Transit Engine).
Kubernetes Secrets: Injecting secrets into pods securely without Etcd.

Quick Start (Dev Mode)

vault server -dev
export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'

# Write a secret
vault kv put secret/hello foo=world

# Read a secret
vault kv get secret/hello

Core Concepts

Sealing

Vault data is encrypted at rest. When Vault starts, it is "Sealed". Unsealing requires a threshold of keys (Shamir's Secret Sharing) to reconstruct the master key.

Engines

Modules that handle different types of secrets:

kv: Key-Value storage (static).
aws: Dynamic AWS IAM users.
pki: Dynamic x.509 Certificates.

Auth Methods

How you log in to Vault: Token, AppRole (Machines), Kubernetes (Pods), GitHub (Humans).

Best Practices (2025)

Do:

Use Auto-Unseal: Integrate with AWS KMS / Azure Key Vault to unseal automatically (Manual unsealing is painful for uptime).
Inject via Sidecar: In K8s, use the Vault Agent Injector to drop secrets into /vault/secrets/config rather than calling the API directly.
Enable Audit Logs: Essential for knowing "Who read the database password?".

Don't:

Don't use Root Token: Generate it, configure auth methods, then revoke it.
Don't store huge files: Vault is for secrets (KB), not files (MB).

References

name	vault
description	HashiCorp Vault secrets management. Use for secrets.