// Domain patterns for single-page application architecture — client-side routing, state management, rendering strategies, authentication, performance, and offline support. Use when designing or evaluating a browser-based SPA, progressive web app, or rich client-side application.
Use when the /systems-design mode is active. 9-phase structured design methodology -- problem framing, system classification, constraints, candidate architectures, tradeoff analysis, risk review, refinement, migration planning, and documentation. Governs conversation flow, delegation patterns, and user validation checkpoints.
Use when the /systems-design-review mode is active. 7-step design review methodology -- understand the design, classify the system, evaluate against codebase, adversarial analysis, tradeoff validation, synthesis, and action items. Governs conversation flow, delegation patterns, and user validation checkpoints.
Adversarial review of a system design from 6 critical perspectives -- SRE, security, staff engineer, finance, operator, and developer advocate. Produces a unified risk assessment. Use for INTERACTIVE on-demand reviews during a design conversation (/adversarial-review). For RECIPE-DRIVEN reviews (where prior step context is needed), use the systems-design-critic agent instead.
Domain patterns for Azure cloud architecture — compute selection, managed services, identity (Entra ID), networking, data platform, messaging, deployment, cost management, and operational patterns. Use when designing or evaluating a system deployed on Microsoft Azure.
Domain patterns for peer-to-peer system architecture — network topologies, NAT traversal, peer discovery, data distribution, consistency without central authority, identity and trust, and incentive mechanisms. Use when designing or evaluating a decentralized, peer-to-peer, or mesh-networked system.
Domain-Driven Design as a lens for system architecture — bounded contexts, aggregates, ubiquitous language, context mapping, domain events, and strategic vs tactical patterns. Use when modeling complex business domains, defining service boundaries, or evaluating whether a system's structure reflects its domain.
| name | system-type-spa |
| description | Domain patterns for single-page application architecture — client-side routing, state management, rendering strategies, authentication, performance, and offline support. Use when designing or evaluating a browser-based SPA, progressive web app, or rich client-side application. |
Patterns, failure modes, and anti-patterns for browser-based single-page applications.
When to use. Interactive applications where SEO is not critical — dashboards, admin panels, internal tools, authenticated experiences. When the team already has frontend expertise and the app's value is in interactivity, not content discovery. When to avoid. Content-heavy marketing sites, blogs, e-commerce product pages — anything where first meaningful paint and SEO matter. When users are on slow devices or unreliable networks. Key decisions. Shell loading strategy (skeleton screens vs spinners), code splitting granularity, initial bundle size budget, CDN caching for static assets.
When to use. When first contentful paint matters for conversion. Public-facing pages that need SEO. When you need the interactivity of a SPA but can't sacrifice initial load performance. When to avoid. Purely authenticated apps where crawlers never see content. When the backend team can't support a Node.js rendering tier. When the added infrastructure complexity isn't justified by the SEO/performance benefit. Key decisions. Hydration strategy (full hydration, partial, progressive, islands), streaming vs buffered SSR, caching rendered HTML, handling authentication during SSR, server cost for rendering.
When to use. Content that changes infrequently — documentation, marketing pages, blogs. When you want SPA-like navigation but with pre-built HTML for instant loads. When to avoid. Highly dynamic, personalized content. Pages that change per-user or per-request. Large sites with millions of pages where build times become prohibitive. Key decisions. Build frequency, incremental regeneration strategy, preview/draft workflow, handling dynamic sections within static pages.
When to use. Mostly-static pages with isolated interactive widgets. When you want to ship minimal JavaScript and hydrate only the components that need interactivity. When to avoid. Heavily interactive applications where most of the page is dynamic. When shared state between islands creates coupling that negates the isolation benefit. Key decisions. Island boundary identification, shared state between islands, framework choice (Astro, Fresh, 11ty), progressive enhancement baseline.
When to use. Legacy browser support. Deployments where you can't configure server-side fallback routes (e.g., static file hosting without URL rewriting). Simple applications that don't need clean URLs. When to avoid. Any modern application where clean URLs matter. When anchor links are needed for in-page navigation. Key decisions. None significant — this is a fallback strategy, not a primary choice.
When to use. The default for modern SPAs. Clean URLs, proper browser back/forward behavior, shareable deep links. When to avoid. Environments where the server can't be configured to serve the SPA shell for all routes (static hosting without rewrite rules). In those cases, hash routing or SSG is better. Key decisions. Server fallback configuration (all unmatched routes serve index.html), route-based code splitting, scroll restoration, route transition animations, route guards for authentication.
When to use. Any SPA beyond trivial size. Load code for a route only when the user navigates to it. Essential for keeping initial bundle size manageable. When to avoid. Extremely small applications where the overhead of chunking exceeds the benefit. Key decisions. Chunk granularity (per route, per feature, per library), preloading strategy for likely next routes, loading state during chunk fetch, handling chunk load failures (version mismatch after deployment).
When to use. UI state that belongs to a single component — form inputs, toggles, dropdown open/closed, animation state. The default; reach for shared state only when local state creates prop drilling pain. When to avoid. State that multiple unrelated components need. State that must survive component unmounting. Key decisions. When to lift state vs. when to share it. Keeping state as close to where it's used as possible.
When to use. State shared across many components — user session, feature flags, shopping cart, notification queue. State that must be inspectable and debuggable (Redux DevTools). State with complex update logic that benefits from centralization. When to avoid. Simple applications where React context or component state suffices. Using global state as a default rather than an escalation — this is the most common state management mistake. Key decisions. Store shape (normalized vs nested), selector granularity (over-subscribing causes re-renders), middleware for side effects, persistence strategy, hydration from SSR.
When to use. Any data that comes from a server and may be stale. These libraries handle caching, revalidation, deduplication, and background refresh — problems you will solve badly if you solve them manually. When to avoid. Purely local state. Offline-first applications where the server is not the source of truth. Key decisions. Cache invalidation strategy, stale-while-revalidate timing, optimistic updates, error retry policy, query key design (determines cache boundaries), prefetching strategy.
When to use. Filter selections, search queries, pagination, sort order — anything the user should be able to bookmark or share via URL. Often overlooked as a state management tool. When to avoid. Sensitive data. High-frequency updates (every keystroke). State that doesn't make sense to share or bookmark. Key decisions. Serialization format (query params vs path segments), default value handling, URL length limits, backward compatibility when URL schema changes.
When to use. SPAs that call APIs on a different domain. When the backend is stateless. When you need to include claims (roles, permissions) in the token to reduce backend lookups. When to avoid. When you can use HTTP-only cookies instead (same-domain APIs) — cookies are harder to steal via XSS. When token revocation is a hard requirement (JWTs are valid until expiry). Key decisions. Storage location (memory vs localStorage — memory is safer, localStorage survives refresh), refresh token rotation, token expiry duration, silent refresh mechanism, logout propagation across tabs.
When to use. When the API is on the same domain (or a subdomain). The most secure browser storage mechanism — not accessible to JavaScript, eliminating the XSS token theft vector. When to avoid. Cross-origin API calls where cookies can't be sent. Mobile app backends where cookies are awkward. Key decisions. SameSite attribute (Strict vs Lax), CSRF protection (double-submit cookie or synchronizer token), cookie scope (domain, path), secure flag enforcement.
When to use. Third-party login (Google, GitHub, Microsoft). Enterprise SSO. When you don't want to manage passwords. When to avoid. Simple applications with only email/password auth where the OAuth complexity isn't justified. Key decisions. Authorization Code flow with PKCE (required for SPAs — implicit flow is deprecated), redirect vs popup, state parameter for CSRF, token storage after callback, session management across tabs.
What it costs. Every kilobyte of JavaScript must be downloaded, parsed, and executed. On a mid-range mobile device, 1 MB of JavaScript can take 3-4 seconds to parse alone. Bundle size is the single largest performance lever for SPAs. Key strategies. Tree shaking (ensure ESM imports), code splitting by route and feature, dynamic imports for heavy libraries, bundle analysis (webpack-bundle-analyzer, source-map-explorer), size budgets enforced in CI, replacing heavy libraries with lighter alternatives.
What it costs. Unnecessary re-renders cause jank, input lag, and battery drain. React's reconciliation is fast but not free — large component trees with frequent updates are the primary source of SPA sluggishness. Key strategies. Memoization (React.memo, useMemo, useCallback — but measure first), virtualized lists for large datasets, debounced inputs, avoiding state updates that trigger full tree re-renders, profiler-guided optimization (React DevTools Profiler, Chrome Performance tab).
What it costs. API waterfalls — sequential requests where one fetch depends on another — are the most common cause of slow SPA page loads. Users perceive network-bound delays as the app being slow. Key strategies. Parallel data fetching, request deduplication, prefetching on hover/focus, cache-first patterns for stable data, skeleton screens that match actual layout, avoiding layout shift during load.
What it costs. LCP (Largest Contentful Paint), INP (Interaction to Next Paint), and CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift) directly affect search ranking and user perception. SPAs historically struggle with all three. Key strategies. Preload critical resources, inline critical CSS, reserve space for dynamic content (prevents CLS), break long tasks to keep main thread responsive (improves INP), use loading="lazy" for below-fold images.
When to use. Offline support, background sync, push notifications, asset precaching. Any SPA that should work (even partially) without a network connection. When to avoid. Applications where stale data is dangerous (financial dashboards, real-time monitoring). When the team doesn't understand service worker lifecycle — a broken service worker can cache bad code with no recovery path for users. Key decisions. Caching strategy per resource type (cache-first for assets, network-first for API), cache versioning and cleanup, update notification to users ("new version available"), scope management, handling service worker update when tabs are open.
When to use. Applications used in unreliable network conditions — field work, mobile, transit. Forms that should not lose data on disconnection. When to avoid. When the conflict resolution complexity exceeds the offline benefit. When data freshness is critical and stale data causes harm. Key decisions. Local storage technology (IndexedDB for structured data, localStorage for simple key-value), sync strategy (background sync API, manual queue), conflict resolution on reconnection, storage quota management, user communication about offline state.