kernel-development

name	kernel-development
description	Guide for modifying and debugging the Nanvix kernel architecture and kernel-call paths. Use this when asked about kernel internals or kernel implementation changes.

Kernel Development

Use this skill when the user asks about developing, modifying, or debugging the Nanvix microkernel. The kernel is a #![no_std] Rust binary targeting x86 (32-bit) and lives in src/kernel/.

Architecture Overview

The kernel is a freestanding binary (#![no_std], #![no_main]) that runs in ring 0 on x86. Entry point is src/kernel/src/kmain.rs.

Key Modules

Module	Path	Purpose
hal	src/kernel/src/hal/	Hardware Abstraction.
mm	src/kernel/src/mm/	Memory Management.
pm	src/kernel/src/pm/	Process Management.
ipc	src/kernel/src/ipc/	IPC (mailboxes).
event	src/kernel/src/event/	Event subsystem.
io	src/kernel/src/io/	I/O subsystem.
kcall	src/kernel/src/kcall/	Kernel call dispatch.
kargs	src/kernel/src/kargs.rs	Boot args parsing.
kimage	src/kernel/src/kimage.rs	Kernel image mgmt.
klog	src/kernel/src/klog.rs	Kernel logging.
kpanic	src/kernel/src/kpanic.rs	Panic handler.
uart	src/kernel/src/uart.rs	UART serial driver.

Machine Configurations

The kernel supports multiple machine types via Cargo feature flags:

• microvm (default) — Lightweight VM for KVM.

Virtual Memory Layout

• KERNEL_BASE_RAW to KPOOL_BASE_RAW — Kernel binary.
• KPOOL_BASE_RAW to USER_BASE_RAW — Kernel pool.
• USER_BASE_RAW to USER_MMAP_BASE_RAW — User binary.
• USER_MMAP_BASE_RAW to USER_LIBS_BASE_RAW — Mapped.
• USER_LIBS_BASE_RAW to USER_HEAP_BASE_RAW — Libs.
• USER_HEAP_BASE_RAW to USER_HEAP_END_RAW — Heap.
• USER_STACK_TOP_RAW to USER_STACK_BASE_RAW — Stack.

Building the Kernel

./z build -- kernel

The kernel uses a custom Cargo target (build/targets/x86-kernel.json) and custom linker scripts (build/kernel/). Kernel builds disable sccache to avoid issues with compiler_builtins.

Key Dependencies

The kernel depends on workspace libraries:

• arch — Architecture abstractions.
• bitmap — Bitmap data structure.
• config — Compile-time configuration.
• type-safe — Type-safe wrappers.
• raw-array — Fixed-size arrays.
• slab — Slab allocator.
• sys — System-level types (kcall, IPC, MM, PM).

Coding Rules (Kernel-Specific)

• All kernel code is #![no_std] — only core and alloc are available.
• No panic!, unwrap(), or expect() in production kernel code.
• Use explicit type annotations everywhere.
• Prefix imports with ::.
• Minimize unsafe blocks and document safety invariants.
• Log errors with error! macro before returning Err.
• Use kernel-specific Cargo commands: KERNEL_CARGO_BUILD_CMD.
• Kernel configuration is in build/kernel_config.toml.

Kernel Calls (System Calls)

Kernel calls are dispatched through src/kernel/src/kcall/dispatcher.rs. Each subsystem (PM, MM, IPC, Event, IO) registers its own kernel call handlers in its respective kcall/ subdirectory.