ci-cd-patterns

name	ci-cd-patterns
description	CI/CD: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins, caching, blue-green, canary. Triggers: CI, CD, pipeline, GitHub Actions, workflow YAML, release, canary, rollout.
effort	medium
user-invocable	false
allowed-tools	Read

CI/CD Patterns

GitHub Actions

Standard Pipeline

name: CI
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: "npm"
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run lint
      - run: npm run typecheck

  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: lint
    strategy:
      matrix:
        node-version: [18, 20, 22]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
          cache: "npm"
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test -- --coverage
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: coverage-${{ matrix.node-version }}
          path: coverage/

  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: test
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: "npm"
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run build

Python CI

name: Python CI
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
          cache: "pip"
      - run: pip install -e ".[dev]"
      - run: ruff check .
      - run: mypy --strict src/
      - run: pytest --cov=src --cov-report=xml

Docker Build & Push

  build-docker:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: test
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          push: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
          tags: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

GitLab CI

stages:
  - lint
  - test
  - build
  - deploy

lint:
  stage: lint
  image: node:20
  cache:
    key: $CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    paths: [node_modules/]
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npm run lint

test:
  stage: test
  image: node:20
  services:
    - postgres:16
  variables:
    DATABASE_URL: "postgresql://postgres:postgres@postgres/test"
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npm test

build:
  stage: build
  image: docker:24
  services:
    - docker:24-dind
  script:
    - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA .
    - docker push $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA
  only:
    - main

Docker Multi-stage Builds

Node.js

# Stage 1: Dependencies
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --production

# Stage 2: Build
FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 3: Production
FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
ENV NODE_ENV=production
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
USER node
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

Python

FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY pyproject.toml .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --target=/deps .

FROM python:3.12-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /deps /usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages
COPY src/ ./src/
USER nobody
CMD ["python", "-m", "src.main"]

Caching Strategies

npm/pnpm

- uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: ~/.npm
    key: ${{ runner.os }}-npm-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}
    restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-npm-

pip

- uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: ~/.cache/pip
    key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('**/pyproject.toml') }}

Docker Layer Caching

- uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
  with:
    cache-from: type=gha
    cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

Kubernetes Deployment

Rolling Update

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api
spec:
  replicas: 3
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: api
          image: ghcr.io/org/api:latest
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: 3000
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /live
              port: 3000
            initialDelaySeconds: 10

Secret Management

# GitHub Actions - use secrets
env:
  DATABASE_URL: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_URL }}
  API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}

# Never hardcode secrets in pipelines
# Use OIDC for cloud provider auth (no long-lived credentials)
- uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
  with:
    role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::123456789:role/deploy
    aws-region: us-east-1

Release Automation

Semantic Release

{
  "branches": ["main"],
  "plugins": [
    "@semantic-release/commit-analyzer",
    "@semantic-release/release-notes-generator",
    "@semantic-release/changelog",
    "@semantic-release/npm",
    "@semantic-release/github",
    "@semantic-release/git"
  ]
}

Conventional Commits for Auto-versioning

Prefix	Version Bump	Example
fix:	Patch (0.0.x)	fix: resolve null pointer in auth
feat:	Minor (0.x.0)	feat: add user search endpoint
feat!: / BREAKING CHANGE:	Major (x.0.0)	feat!: change API response format

Common Rationalizations

Excuse	Why It's Wrong
"CI is green, ship it"	CI tests the happy path — verify edge cases, security, and performance separately
"Manual deploys give us more control"	Manual deploys give you more human error — automate the repeatable parts
"We'll set up CI when the project is bigger"	Small projects grow fast — CI debt compounds and retrofitting is painful
"Caching isn't worth the complexity"	Uncached builds waste developer time daily — caching pays for itself in a week
"Feature flags are over-engineering"	Feature flags decouple deploy from release — they're the cheapest safety net

Anti-Patterns

• Secrets in pipeline logs or environment dumps
• No caching (slow builds)
• Running tests only on main (should run on PRs)
• Manual deployments to production
• No rollback strategy
• Skipping linting/type-checking in CI

Rules

• MUST include lint, test, and build stages in every pipeline — deploy-only pipelines defer failure to production
• MUST cache dependencies by lockfile hash, not by branch name — branch keys grow unbounded and leak cache across unrelated work
• NEVER commit secrets to the pipeline config — use the platform's secret store and reference by name
• NEVER echo secrets to job logs; GitHub Actions masks known secrets only if they came from secrets.*, not from arbitrary env vars
• CRITICAL: every deployment path has a defined rollback — "we'll figure it out" is not a plan and will cost hours during an incident
• MANDATORY: PR builds run the same checks as main builds; drift between the two hides failures until merge

Gotchas

• GitHub Actions masks secret values sourced from ${{ secrets.X }} only. Secrets routed through env: and then transformed (base64, JSON) lose the mask and appear in logs verbatim.
• Workflows triggered by pull_request from forks run without repository secrets by default (security). Jobs that need secrets either gate on github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository or use pull_request_target with explicit code-review — the latter is easy to get wrong and allow token theft.
• actions/cache restore is best-effort — a cache miss is silent. Jobs that rely on the cache (e.g., skipping tests when nothing changed) must verify cache hits explicitly via the cache-hit output.
• GitLab CI's rules: and only:/except: are mutually exclusive at the job level. Mixing parses only at pipeline run, not at git push.
• Semantic-release assumes a linear history. Merge commits on main confuse the commit parser and produce no release — stick to squash merges if you rely on it.

When NOT to Load

• For generating a pipeline file for the current project — use /ci (this skill is knowledge, not code)
• For one-off deployment commands — use /deploy
• For language-specific build toolchain nuances — pair with /typescript-patterns, /python rules, etc.
• For observability or alerting around deploys — use /observability-patterns
• For security scanning (SAST, SCA) steps in pipelines — use /security-patterns and /cve-scan