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Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems.
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npx skills add https://github.com/CyberStrikeus/CyberStrike --skill t1566-002-spearphishing-link命令会保持在同一行。复制前请横向滚动并检查完整内容。
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基于 SOC 职业分类
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| name | T1566.002_spearphishing-link |
| description | Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. |
| category | input-validation |
| version | 18.1 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["mitre-attack","enterprise","t1566.002","initial-access","identity-provider","linux","macos","office-suite","saas","windows","sub-technique"] |
| technique_id | T1566.002 |
| tactic | initial-access |
| all_tactics |
| ["initial-access"] |
| platforms | ["Identity Provider","Linux","macOS","Office Suite","SaaS","Windows"] |
| mitre_url | https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002 |
| tech_stack | ["identity","linux","macos","office","saas","windows"] |
| cwe_ids | ["CWE-20"] |
| chains_with | ["T1566","T1566.001","T1566.003","T1566.004"] |
| prerequisites | ["T1566"] |
| severity_boost | {"T1566":"Chain with T1566 for deeper attack path","T1566.001":"Chain with T1566.001 for deeper attack path","T1566.003":"Chain with T1566.003 for deeper attack path"} |
Sub-technique of: T1566
Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.
All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging User Execution. The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place.
Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly. Additionally, adversaries may use seemingly benign links that abuse special characters to mimic legitimate websites (known as an "IDN homograph attack"). URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an “@” symbol: for example, hxxp://google.com@1157586937.
Adversaries may also utilize links to perform consent phishing/spearphishing campaigns to Steal Application Access Tokens that grant immediate access to the victim environment. For example, a user may be lured into granting adversaries permissions/access via a malicious OAuth 2.0 request URL that when accepted by the user provide permissions/access for malicious applications. These stolen access tokens allow the adversary to perform various actions on behalf of the user via API calls.
Similarly, malicious links may also target device-based authorization, such as OAuth 2.0 device authorization grant flow which is typically used to authenticate devices without UIs/browsers. Known as “device code phishing,” an adversary may send a link that directs the victim to a malicious authorization page where the user is tricked into entering a code/credentials that produces a device token.
Platforms: Identity Provider, Linux, macOS, Office Suite, SaaS, Windows
The following tests are from Atomic Red Team and provide actionable ways to test this technique:
Tests the Paste and Run technique, where users are tricked into running
malicious PowerShell commands by automating the Win+R command to open the
Run dialog and input encoded PowerShell to execute calc.exe.
Supported Platforms: windows
# Add user32.dll for keybd_event
Add-Type @"
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
public class K {
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern void keybd_event(byte bVk, byte bScan, uint dwFlags, UIntPtr dwExtraInfo);
}
"@
# Virtual key codes
$VK_LWIN, $VK_R, $KEYDOWN, $KEYUP = 0x5B, 0x52, 0x0000, 0x0002
# Open Run dialog (Win+R)
[K]::keybd_event($VK_LWIN, 0, $KEYDOWN, [UIntPtr]::Zero)
[K]::keybd_event($VK_R, 0, $KEYDOWN, [UIntPtr]::Zero)
[K]::keybd_event($VK_R, 0, $KEYUP, [UIntPtr]::Zero)
[K]::keybd_event($VK_LWIN, 0, $KEYUP, [UIntPtr]::Zero)
# Short delay for Run dialog
Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms
[System.Windows.Forms.SendKeys]::SendWait("cmd /c powershell -ec " + [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes('#{execution_command}')) + "{ENTER}")
If Atomic Red Team tests are not applicable, manually verify the technique by:
Identify Attack Surface: Determine if the target environment is susceptible to Spearphishing Link by examining the target platforms (Identity Provider, Linux, macOS).
Assess Existing Defenses: Review whether mitigations for T1566.002 are in place. If defenses are absent or misconfigured, this technique may be exploitable.
Execute Test: Use tools and methods described in the MITRE ATT&CK page and external references below.
Use anti-spoofing and email authentication mechanisms to filter messages based on validity checks of the sender domain (using SPF) and integrity of messages (using DKIM). Enabling these mechanisms within an organization (through policies such as DMARC) may enable recipients (intra-org and cross domain) to perform similar message filtering and validation..
Furthermore, policies may enforce / install browser extensions that protect against IDN and homograph attacks.
Determine if certain websites that can be used for spearphishing are necessary for business operations and consider blocking access if activity cannot be monitored well or if it poses a significant risk.
Audit applications and their permissions to ensure access to data and resources are limited based upon necessity and principle of least privilege.
Azure AD Administrators apply limitations upon the ability for users to grant consent to unfamiliar or unverified third-party applications.
Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails with malicious links which includes phishing for consent with OAuth 2.0. Additionally, users may perform visual checks of the domains they visit; however, homographs in ASCII and in IDN domains and URL schema obfuscation may render manual checks difficult. Use email warning banners to alert users when emails contain links from external senders, prompting them to exercise caution and reducing the likelihood of falling victim to spearphishing attacks. Phishing training and other cybersecurity training may raise awareness to check URLs before visiting the sites.
| Finding | Severity | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Spearphishing Link technique applicable | High | Initial Access |
| CWE ID | Title |
|---|---|
| CWE-20 | Improper Input Validation |