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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
基于 SOC 职业分类
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| name | wstg-idnt-04 |
| description | Test Account Enumeration |
| category | identity-management |
| owasp_id | WSTG-IDNT-04 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["identity","user-enum","roles","wstg","idnt"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | [] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-IDNT-04
Testing for Account Enumeration and Guessable User Account
Account enumeration occurs when an application reveals whether a username or email exists in the system through different response messages, timing differences, or HTTP status codes. Attackers use this information to compile valid account lists for targeted attacks such as brute-force, credential stuffing, or phishing. This test identifies enumeration vulnerabilities across all authentication-related endpoints.
| Location | Enumeration Sign |
|---|---|
| Login | "Invalid username" vs "Invalid password" |
| Registration | "Username already exists" |
| Password Reset | "Email sent" vs "User not found" |
| API | Different status codes (404 vs 401) |
| Timing | Faster response for non-existent users |
# Test with valid username, wrong password
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d "username=admin&password=wrongpassword" \
-w "\nTime: %{time_total}s"
# Test with invalid username
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-d \
-w
# Try registering with existing username
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/register" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"username": "admin",
"email": "new@test.com",
"password": "TestPass123!"
}'
# Try registering with existing email
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/register" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"username": "newuser123",
"email": "admin@company.com",
"password": "TestPass123!"
}'
# Try with new email/username
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/register" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"username": "completelynewabc",
"email": "completelynew@test.com",
"password": "TestPass123!"
}'
# Request reset for existing email
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/password-reset" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"email": "admin@company.com"}'
# Request reset for non-existing email
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/password-reset" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"email": "nonexistent@company.com"}'
# Compare responses - should be identical
# Check if user exists via API
curl -s "https://target.com/api/users/admin" \
-w "\nStatus: %{http_code}"
curl -s "https://target.com/api/users/nonexistent123" \
-w "\nStatus: %{http_code}"
# Check user profile endpoint
curl -s "https://target.com/api/profile/admin@company.com" \
-w "\nStatus: %{http_code}"
# Check availability endpoint (if exists)
curl -s "https://target.com/api/check-username?username=admin"
curl -s "https://target.com/api/check-email?email=admin@company.com"
#!/bin/bash
# Measure response times for different users
echo "=== TIMING ANALYSIS ==="
# Test valid users
for user in admin root administrator; do
total=0
for i in {1..10}; do
time=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{time_total}" \
-X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-d "username=$user&password=wrongpassword")
total=$(echo "$total + $time" | bc)
done
avg=$(echo "scale=3; $total / 10" | bc)
echo "User: $user - Avg time: ${avg}s"
done
echo ""
# Test invalid users
for user in fakeuser123 nonexistent456 randomuser789; do
total=0
for i in {1..10}; do
time=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{time_total}" \
-X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-d "username=$user&password=wrongpassword")
total=$(echo "$total + $time" | bc)
done
avg=$(echo "scale=3; $total / 10" | bc)
echo "User: $user - Avg time: ${avg}s"
done
#!/bin/bash
# Analyze response differences
echo "=== RESPONSE ANALYSIS ==="
# Login responses
echo "Login - Valid user:"
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-d "username=admin&password=wrong" | head -50
echo ""
echo "Login - Invalid user:"
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-d "username=fake123&password=wrong" | head -50
# Compare for differences
echo ""
echo "Password Reset - Valid email:"
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/password-reset" \
-d "email=admin@company.com"
echo ""
echo "Password Reset - Invalid email:"
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/password-reset" \
-d "email=fake@company.com"
#!/bin/bash
# Common username enumeration
USERNAMES=(
"admin" "administrator" "root" "user" "test"
"guest" "demo" "info" "support" "help"
"sales" "contact" "webmaster" "postmaster"
)
for user in "${USERNAMES[@]}"; do
response=$(curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/login" \
-d "username=$user&password=test" \
-w "|||%{http_code}")
body=$(echo "$response" | cut -d'|' -f1)
status=$(echo "$response" | cut -d'|' -f4)
# Check for enumeration indicators
if echo "$body" | grep -qi "incorrect password"; then
echo "[FOUND] $user - Valid username (password error)"
elif echo "$body" | grep -qi "user not found\|invalid username"; then
echo "[NOT FOUND] $user"
else
echo "[CHECK] $user - Status: $status"
fi
done
| Tool | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Burp Intruder | Automated enumeration | Payload lists + response comparison |
| ffuf | Fast fuzzer | ffuf -w users.txt -X POST -d "user=FUZZ" |
| Hydra | Password cracker | Has enumeration capabilities |
| wfuzz | Web fuzzer | Response-based filtering |
| Source | Description |
|---|---|
| SecLists | Common usernames |
| Custom | Company-specific patterns |
| OSINT | LinkedIn, email patterns |
# Login enumeration
ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Usernames/top-usernames-shortlist.txt \
-X POST \
-d "username=FUZZ&password=invalidpassword" \
-H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
-u https://target.com/login \
-mc all \
-fc 200 \
-fr "Invalid username"
# With response size filtering
ffuf -w usernames.txt \
-X POST \
-d "username=FUZZ&password=test" \
-u https://target.com/login \
-fs 1234 # Filter out size of "invalid user" response
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import time
import statistics
class UserEnumerator:
def __init__(self, target_url):
self.target = target_url
self.session = requests.Session()
def check_login(self, username):
"""Test username via login"""
start = time.time()
response = self.session.post(
f"{self.target}/login",
data={"username": username, "password": "invalidpassword"},
allow_redirects=False
)
elapsed = time.time() - start
return {
"username": username,
"status": response.status_code,
"length": len(response.text),
"time": elapsed,
"response": response.text[:200]
}
def check_password_reset(self, email):
"""Test email via password reset"""
start = time.time()
response = self.session.post(
f"{self.target}/password-reset",
json={"email": email}
)
elapsed = time.time() - start
return {
"email": email,
"status": response.status_code,
"length": len(response.text),
"time": elapsed,
"response": response.text[:200]
}
def timing_analysis(self, usernames, iterations=10):
"""Perform timing-based enumeration"""
results = {}
for username in usernames:
times = []
for _ in range(iterations):
result = self.check_login(username)
times.append(result["time"])
time.sleep(0.1) # Rate limiting
results[username] = {
"avg": statistics.mean(times),
"stdev": statistics.stdev(times) if len(times) > 1 else 0
}
return results
def enumerate(self, usernames):
"""Main enumeration function"""
baseline_invalid = self.check_login("definitely_not_a_real_user_xyz")
findings = []
for username in usernames:
result = self.check_login(username)
# Compare with baseline
if (result["length"] != baseline_invalid["length"] or
result["status"] != baseline_invalid["status"]):
findings.append({
"username": username,
"reason": "Different response",
"details": result
})
return findings
# Usage
enumerator = UserEnumerator("https://target.com")
usernames = ["admin", "root", "test", "user", "guest"]
findings = enumerator.enumerate(usernames)
for finding in findings:
print(f"[FOUND] {finding['username']}: {finding['reason']}")
# Bad - Reveals user existence
if not user_exists(username):
return "User not found"
elif not check_password(username, password):
return "Incorrect password"
# Good - Generic message
if not authenticate(username, password):
return "Invalid username or password"
import time
import secrets
def authenticate(username, password):
# Start timing
start = time.time()
user = get_user(username)
if user:
# Real password check
result = verify_password(password, user.password_hash)
else:
# Dummy computation to match timing
verify_password(password, get_dummy_hash())
result = False
# Ensure minimum response time
elapsed = time.time() - start
if elapsed < 0.5:
time.sleep(0.5 - elapsed + secrets.randbelow(100) / 1000)
return result
from flask_limiter import Limiter
limiter = Limiter(app, key_func=get_remote_address)
@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
@limiter.limit("5 per minute")
def login():
# Login logic
pass
@app.route('/password-reset', methods=['POST'])
@limiter.limit("3 per hour")
def password_reset():
# Always return same message
return jsonify({
"message": "If the email exists, a reset link has been sent"
})
failed_attempts = get_failed_attempts(request.remote_addr)
if failed_attempts >= 3:
if not verify_captcha(request.form.get('captcha')):
return jsonify({"error": "CAPTCHA required"}), 400
def check_lockout(username):
attempts = get_failed_attempts(username)
lockout_time = get_lockout_time(username)
if lockout_time and datetime.now() < lockout_time:
# Don't reveal if account exists
return True
if attempts >= 5:
set_lockout(username, datetime.now() + timedelta(minutes=15))
log_security_event("account_lockout", username)
return True
return False
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Username enumeration via login | 5.3 | Medium |
| Email enumeration via password reset | 5.3 | Medium |
| Timing-based enumeration | 3.7 | Low |
| API-based enumeration | 5.3 | Medium |
Attack Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
| CWE ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-204 | Observable Response Discrepancy | Different error messages |
| CWE-203 | Observable Discrepancy | Timing differences |
| CWE-200 | Exposure of Sensitive Information | User existence revealed |
[ ] Login form tested for enumeration
[ ] Registration form tested
[ ] Password reset tested
[ ] Username recovery tested
[ ] API endpoints tested
[ ] Response content compared
[ ] Response timing analyzed
[ ] HTTP status codes compared
[ ] Username guessing performed
[ ] Rate limiting verified
[ ] Lockout mechanism tested
[ ] Findings documented
[ ] Remediation recommendations provided