apple-vuln-research-apple-silicon-kernel-layout

name	apple-vuln-research-apple-silicon-kernel-layout
description	Find the correct arm64e kernel and per-SoC kernelcache for a research target on Apple Silicon macOS. Use when: (1) `/System/Library/Kernels/kernel` reports as `Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64` on an Apple Silicon Mac and you wonder which binary the system actually boots; (2) you need the per-SoC arm64e kernel for a specific Mac model (t8140 = A18 Pro / MacBook Neo, t8103 = M1, t8112 = M2, t6000/t6020/t6030/t6031/t6041/t6050 = M-Pro/ Max/Ultra families, t8122/t8132 = newer A-series in Mac, t8142 = next-gen MacBook Air, vmapple = virtualization); (3) you need the monolithic prelinked kernelcache that the BootROM actually loads (it's NOT at /System/Library/Kernels and NOT named "kernel" — it's at /System/Volumes/Preboot/<UUID>/restore/kernelcache.release.macNg where macNg is a board-id, e.g. mac17g for Mac17,5); (4) you took a "pre-update kernel snapshot" by copying /System/Library/Kernels/ kernel and a diff agent told you it's the wrong architecture; (5) you need to know whether two Mac models share a kernel build (for cross-platform vuln porting). Saves the wrong-arch baseline mistake that wastes hours of diff time.
author	Claude Code
version	1.0.0
date	"2026-05-31T00:00:00.000Z"

Apple Silicon kernel layout — where the real kernel actually lives

Problem

On Apple Silicon Macs, the file at /System/Library/Kernels/kernel is not the kernel the system boots. It's an x86_64 stub kept for compatibility / restore tooling. Researchers who naively copy that file as a "kernel baseline" end up diffing the wrong architecture across an OS update and waste hours before noticing.

This skill maps the actual layout: where each per-SoC arm64e kernel lives, where the prelinked kernelcache lives, what each board-id suffix means, and how to pick the right baseline for your research target.

This was learned the hard way in the VS67 macOS 26.5 enumeration work loop — a pre-26.5 "kernel snapshot" turned out to be x86_64 and the kernel-diff agent flagged it immediately.

Trigger conditions

Use this skill when:

• file /System/Library/Kernels/kernel reports Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64 on an Apple Silicon Mac and you need to know what the system actually runs.
• You're capturing a "kernel baseline" before an OS update for diff purposes — make sure it's the right arch and the right SoC.
• You need to diff kernels across macOS versions and the kext-diff tool reports unrelated symbol changes that look like a different architecture.
• You're researching a specific Mac model (e.g. MacBook Neo / Mac17,5 / A18 Pro / t8140) and need the kernel + kernelcache that model actually boots.
• You want to confirm two Mac models share the exact same kernel build (for cross-platform vuln applicability).

The actual layout

/System/Library/Kernels/

kernel                          Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64   <-- legacy/compat stub
kernel.release.t8103            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M1
kernel.release.t8112            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M2
kernel.release.t8122            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- (A-series in Mac, newer)
kernel.release.t8132            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- (A-series in Mac, newer)
kernel.release.t8140            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- A18 Pro (MacBook Neo Mac17,5)
kernel.release.t8142            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- (next-gen A-series in Mac)
kernel.release.t6000            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M1 Pro
kernel.release.t6020            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M2 Pro / M2 Max
kernel.release.t6030            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M3
kernel.release.t6031            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M3 Max
kernel.release.t6041            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- M4
kernel.release.t6050            Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- (newer M-series)
kernel.release.vmapple          Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e   <-- virtualized Apple Silicon

These are the raw kernels — bare Mach-O, no kexts linked in. Use these for kernel-only diffs (symbols, MIG subsystems, syscall tables, mach traps).

/System/Volumes/Preboot//restore/

This is where the prelinked kernelcaches live. Each macNg suffix is a board-id Apple uses to bind a kernelcache to a specific Mac model class.

/System/Volumes/Preboot/BEDC40F3-...-198BC93BBDED/restore/
  kernelcache.release.mac13g     # 13" MacBook Air M3 (T8112-class)
  kernelcache.release.mac13j     # (variant)
  kernelcache.release.mac14g     # ...
  kernelcache.release.mac15g     # 15" MacBook Air M3
  kernelcache.release.mac15j     # ...
  kernelcache.release.mac15s     # ...
  kernelcache.release.mac16g     # (M3 family)
  kernelcache.release.mac16j     # ...
  kernelcache.release.mac17g     # MacBook Mac17,5 (Neo, A18 Pro, t8140)
  kernelcache.release.vma2       # virtualized M2 Apple Silicon

A kernelcache is an IM4P-wrapped LZFSE-compressed Mach-O containing the kernel + all prelinked kexts. This is what the BootROM actually loads. For any work that touches kext code (e.g. diffing a specific driver across an OS update), this is the right baseline, not the bare per-SoC kernel.

The <APFS-UUID> in the path is the system snapshot UUID — find it with:

ls /System/Volumes/Preboot/

There will usually be exactly one UUID-named directory (the active boot snapshot).

Board-id → Mac model mapping (incomplete but practical)

Apple doesn't publish a complete mapping. Approximate practical guide (from observation on macOS 26 + cross-referencing IPSWs):

Suffix	Model class	SoC
mac13g/j	Mac mini M3 / earlier M3 desktops	t8112-ish
mac14g	(TBD)
mac15g/j/s	MacBook Air 15" M3	t6030
mac16g/j	MacBook Air M3 + family	t6030
mac17g	MacBook Neo (Mac17,5, A18 Pro)	t8140
vma2	Virtualized M2 (Apple's VM framework)	vmapple

To identify yours definitively:

# Get your Mac's identifier
ioreg -l | grep -E 'product-name|model-number|board-id' | head
sysctl hw.model       # e.g. MacBookNeo1,1 or Mac17,5
# Then match against the kernelcache filenames — your Mac will
# typically boot the suffix whose digit matches the major model
# number (Mac17,x -> mac17g)

Solution — picking the right file for your research task

Decision matrix:

Task	Use this file
Kernel-only diff (symbols, MIG, syscalls, mach traps)	/System/Library/Kernels/kernel.release.<soc>
Kext diff across OS versions	/System/Volumes/Preboot/<UUID>/restore/kernelcache.release.macNg (extract with pyimg4 + kmutil splitkc — see apple-vuln-research-kernelcache-kext-binary-diff)
Live kernel state inspection	kmutil showloaded, ioreg, sysctl against running kernel
Cross-platform vuln porting (Mac model A → Mac model B)	Diff both kernelcaches (same OS version, different macNg suffixes)
Pre-OS-update baseline snapshot	Copy kernel.release.<soc> AND kernelcache.release.macNg to a backup location BEFORE running softwareupdate -i

Pre-update snapshot recipe

Always capture both for any pre-update baseline:

SOC=t8140      # change to your SoC
BOARD=mac17g   # change to your board suffix
DEST=~/baselines/pre-26.5

mkdir -p "$DEST"
cp /System/Library/Kernels/kernel.release.$SOC "$DEST/kernel-$SOC-arm64e"

PREBOOT=$(ls -d /System/Volumes/Preboot/*/restore | head -1)
cp "$PREBOOT/kernelcache.release.$BOARD" "$DEST/kernelcache-$BOARD.macho"

# Verify both:
file "$DEST"/kernel-* "$DEST"/kernelcache-*.macho
shasum -a 256 "$DEST"/* > "$DEST/HASHES.txt"

The kernel.release.$SOC should report Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e. The kernelcache will report as data (it's an IM4P, not a direct Mach-O until you extract it).

Verification

Sanity-check your selection:

# Confirm the kernel actually loaded matches the file you snapshotted
uname -v
# e.g. "Darwin Kernel Version 25.5.0: Mon Apr 27 20:41:22 PDT 2026;
#       root:xnu-12377.121.6~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8140 arm64"
# Note T8140 in the build banner — confirms t8140 kernel was booted.

# Confirm the kernelcache .macho contains your booted version string
strings /System/Volumes/Preboot/*/restore/kernelcache.release.mac17g | \
  grep -i 'xnu-' | head

If uname -v says T8140 and you snapshotted kernel.release.t6020, that's the wrong file.

Notes

• The x86_64 stub at /System/Library/Kernels/kernel exists for install media / migration / Rosetta-adjacent tooling. It is NEVER what the system boots on Apple Silicon. Stop using it.
• Apple sometimes adds new per-SoC kernels mid-OS-version (e.g. a point release that introduces support for a new Mac model). Always re-ls /System/Library/Kernels/ after an OS update to see if new SoC kernels appeared.
• The Preboot UUID changes per APFS install. Don't hardcode it; use ls -d /System/Volumes/Preboot/*/restore | head -1.
• For SPTM/TXM firmware on this Mac (separate from kernel), see apple-vuln-research-txm-sptm-firmware-extraction.
• For the actual kext-diff methodology that USES these files, see apple-vuln-research-kernelcache-kext-binary-diff.

References

• xnu source (open-source kernel): https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu
• Asahi Linux SoC documentation (board-id mapping reference): https://github.com/AsahiLinux/docs/wiki
• Apple's IPSW download portal — IPSWs contain matching kernelcaches for each model class.