feed

name	feed
description	Create and manage Swarm feeds for stable, updateable URLs using bee-js or swarm-cli, including manifest creation and feed updates.
user-invocable	true

Feeds (Dynamic Content)

Guide a developer through creating and using feeds on Swarm. Feeds provide a stable address that always points to the latest content — the URL never changes even when content is updated.

Formatting

When presenting to the user, use consistent labels before each code block:

• Run in your terminal: — a command the user should execute
• Expected output: — example of what a successful result looks like
• Save as filename: — file contents the user should write to disk

Add a --- horizontal rule before each labeled code block to visually separate it from surrounding text.

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Before Starting (run immediately)

Silently check node status (curl -s http://localhost:1633/node) and stamp availability (swarm-cli stamp list). If the node is down, offer to walk through /setup-bee-interactive. If no usable stamp exists, route to /stamps.

Also check for existing identities (swarm-cli identity list 2>/dev/null on Linux/macOS/WSL, or swarm-cli identity list 2>$null in PowerShell). If the developer already has an identity and feed, skip to Update the feed.

What to Ask

1. What will the feed hold? (website, app state, blog, data updates)
2. bee-js or swarm-cli?

Prerequisites

• For bee-js: npm install @ethersphere/bee-js
• For swarm-cli: npm install -g @ethersphere/swarm-cli

How Feeds Work

A feed combines an owner (Ethereum address) and a topic (human-readable string) into a predictable address. Anyone can read, only the owner can update.

GET /bzz/MANIFEST_HASH/
→ resolve manifest → extract topic + owner
→ look up latest feed entry
→ read content reference
→ serve content

Old content stays on Swarm but the feed always resolves to the latest version.

Via bee-js

Generate a publisher key (first time only)

import crypto from "crypto";
import { PrivateKey } from "@ethersphere/bee-js";

const hex = "0x" + crypto.randomBytes(32).toString("hex");
const pk = new PrivateKey(hex);

console.log("Private key:", pk.toHex());
console.log("Address:", pk.publicKey().address().toHex());

Security: Store this private key securely (e.g., environment variable or encrypted keyfile). Never commit it to version control. Losing this key means losing the ability to update this feed.

Write to a feed

import { Bee, Topic, PrivateKey } from "@ethersphere/bee-js";

const bee = new Bee("http://localhost:1633");
const pk = new PrivateKey("YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY");
const owner = pk.publicKey().address();
const topic = Topic.fromString("my-topic");

// Upload content
const upload = await bee.uploadFile(batchId, "My content", "note.txt");

// Write to feed
const writer = bee.makeFeedWriter(topic, pk);
await writer.uploadReference(batchId, upload.reference);

Read from a feed

import { Bee, Topic, EthAddress } from "@ethersphere/bee-js";

const bee = new Bee("http://localhost:1633");
const topic = Topic.fromString("my-topic");
const owner = new EthAddress("OWNER_ADDRESS");

const reader = bee.makeFeedReader(topic, owner);
const result = await reader.downloadReference();

console.log("Latest reference:", result.reference.toHex());
console.log("Feed index:", result.feedIndex.toBigInt());

Create a feed manifest (stable URL)

const manifest = await bee.createFeedManifest(batchId, topic, owner);
console.log("Feed manifest:", manifest.toHex());
// Access at: http://localhost:1633/bzz/<manifest>/

The manifest hash never changes. Use it for ENS registration or as a permanent link.

Update the feed

Upload new content, then write the new reference to the same feed:

const newUpload = await bee.uploadFile(batchId, "Updated content", "note.txt");
await writer.uploadReference(batchId, newUpload.reference);
// Same manifest URL now serves the updated content

Via swarm-cli

Create identity (first time only)

swarm-cli identity create publisher --password <SECURE_PASSWORD>

Save output securely. Export later with: swarm-cli identity export publisher --password <SECURE_PASSWORD>

Upload to feed

swarm-cli feed upload ./my-content \
  --identity publisher \
  --topic-string my-topic \
  --stamp <BATCH_ID> \
  --password <SECURE_PASSWORD>

Returns the feed manifest URL. Save the manifest hash.

Update the feed

Same command with new content — same identity + topic = same manifest URL:

swarm-cli feed upload ./updated-content \
  --identity publisher \
  --topic-string my-topic \
  --stamp <BATCH_ID>

Read a feed

swarm-cli feed print \
  --identity publisher \
  --topic-string my-topic \
  --password <SECURE_PASSWORD>

Use Cases

• Websites — update your site without changing the URL or ENS record (see /host-website)
• Blogs — add/edit/delete posts, re-upload, update feed
• App state — store config, user data, or settings at a stable address
• RSS / podcasts — publish new episodes to a fixed feed address
• Social feeds — post updates that followers can discover by your address + topic

Important Notes

• Always use immutable stamp batches with feeds — immutable stamps prevent accidental overwrite of historical feed entries that the feed index still references
• Only the feed owner (holder of the private key) can publish updates
• Anyone can read a feed knowing the owner address + topic (or the manifest hash)
• Old content remains on Swarm — the feed just points to the latest version

If Something Goes Wrong

Error	Fix
"stamp not usable"	Wait 2-3 minutes after buying
"insufficient funds"	Wallet needs xBZZ — see /setup-bee-interactive
"feed not found"	Wrong identity/topic combination, or feed hasn't been written to yet
Connection refused	Node isn't running — route to /setup-bee-interactive
Other errors	Route to /troubleshoot

Conceptual Questions

For any conceptual or technical question not covered by the steps above, invoke /docs to find the relevant authoritative source rather than answering from prior knowledge.

Reference

• Feeds: https://docs.ethswarm.org/docs/develop/tools-and-features/feeds
• Dynamic content guide: https://docs.ethswarm.org/docs/develop/dynamic-content
• bee-js docs: https://bee-js.ethswarm.org/docs/
• swarm-cli: https://github.com/ethersphere/swarm-cli