agent-engine

name	agent-engine
description	Deploy and manage AI agents on Vertex AI Agent Engine. Use when deploying ADK agents to production, configuring Agent Engine runtime, managing deployed agents, setting up sessions and memory, or integrating with A2A protocol. Covers deployment from agent objects and source files, environment configuration, scaling, sessions, memory bank, and agent management operations.

Vertex AI Agent Engine

Deploy, manage, and scale AI agents in production on Google Cloud.

Quick Reference

Task	Pattern
Install SDK	pip install google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,adk]
Initialize client	vertexai.Client(project, location)
Deploy agent	client.agent_engines.create(agent=app, config={...})
Query agent	remote_agent.stream_query(user_id, message)
Delete agent	remote_agent.delete(force=True)

Prerequisites

# Required IAM roles
- Vertex AI User (roles/aiplatform.user)
- Storage Admin (roles/storage.admin)

# Enable APIs
gcloud services enable aiplatform.googleapis.com storage.googleapis.com

Installation

pip install --upgrade google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,adk]>=1.112

# For A2A support
pip install google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,a2a]

Initialize Client

import vertexai

client = vertexai.Client(
    project="your-project-id",
    location="us-central1"
)

Deploying Agents

Method 1: From Agent Object (Interactive)

Best for development and testing.

from google.adk.agents import Agent
from vertexai import agent_engines

# Create agent
def get_data(query: str) -> dict:
    """Gets data for a query.

    Args:
        query: The search query.
    """
    return {"status": "success", "data": "..."}

agent = Agent(
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    name="data_agent",
    instruction="You help users find data.",
    tools=[get_data]
)

# Wrap in AdkApp
app = agent_engines.AdkApp(agent=agent)

# Deploy
remote_agent = client.agent_engines.create(
    agent=app,
    config={
        "display_name": "data-agent",
        "requirements": [
            "google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,adk]",
            "requests"
        ],
        "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket"
    }
)

print(f"Deployed: {remote_agent.resource_name}")

Method 2: From Source Files (CI/CD)

Best for production deployments.

remote_agent = client.agent_engines.create(
    config={
        "display_name": "production-agent",
        "source_packages": ["./agent_package"],
        "entrypoint_module": "agent_package.agent",
        "entrypoint_object": "root_agent",
        "requirements_file": "requirements.txt",
        "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket",
        "env_vars": {
            "API_KEY": "...",
            "DATABASE_URL": "..."
        }
    }
)

Deployment Configuration Options

config = {
    # Required
    "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket",

    # Package options
    "requirements": ["package1", "package2"],  # OR
    "requirements_file": "requirements.txt",
    "extra_packages": ["./local_package", "/path/to/dependency"],

    # Source deployment
    "source_packages": ["./agent_dir"],
    "entrypoint_module": "agent_dir.agent",
    "entrypoint_object": "root_agent",

    # Display
    "display_name": "My Agent",
    "description": "Agent description",

    # Environment
    "env_vars": {"KEY": "value"},

    # Resources
    "resource_config": {
        "min_instances": 1,
        "max_instances": 10,
        "cpu": "2",
        "memory": "4Gi"
    }
}

Session Management

Using InMemorySessionService (Development)

from google.adk.sessions import InMemorySessionService
from vertexai.agent_engines import AdkApp

# Avoid httpx client issues in Agent Engine
session_service_builder = lambda **kwargs: InMemorySessionService()

app = AdkApp(
    agent=agent,
    session_service_builder=session_service_builder
)

Default Session Service (Production)

Agent Engine provides managed sessions automatically when no custom service is specified.

Querying Deployed Agents

Synchronous Query

response = remote_agent.query(
    user_id="user-123",
    message="What is the weather today?"
)
print(response)

Streaming Query

for event in remote_agent.stream_query(
    user_id="user-123",
    message="Explain quantum computing"
):
    print(event)

Async Streaming

async for event in remote_agent.async_stream_query(
    user_id="user-123",
    message="Analyze this data"
):
    print(event)

Multi-Agent Deployment (A2A)

Deploy agents in phases: leaf → functional → orchestrator.

Phase 1: Deploy Leaf Agents

from google.adk.agents import Agent
from vertexai.agent_engines import AdkApp
from google.adk.sessions import InMemorySessionService
import a2a
import os

def get_pto_balance(user_id: str) -> dict:
    """Gets PTO balance for a user."""
    return {"user_id": user_id, "balance": 15}

pto_agent = Agent(
    name="pto_agent",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    instruction="You check PTO balances. Use get_pto_balance when asked.",
    tools=[get_pto_balance]
)

# Bundle a2a package
a2a_path = os.path.dirname(a2a.__file__)

pto_remote = client.agent_engines.create(
    agent=AdkApp(
        agent=pto_agent,
        session_service_builder=lambda **kwargs: InMemorySessionService()
    ),
    config={
        "display_name": "pto-agent",
        "requirements": [
            "google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,a2a]",
            "google-adk[a2a]",
            "a2a-sdk>=0.3.5"
        ],
        "extra_packages": ["./agent_system", a2a_path],
        "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket"
    }
)

pto_url = f"https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/{pto_remote.resource_name}"

Phase 2: Deploy Functional Agents

from google.adk.agents.remote_a2a_agent import RemoteA2aAgent

# Functional agent connects to leaf via A2A
# Pass leaf URL as environment variable
hr_remote = client.agent_engines.create(
    agent=AdkApp(
        agent=hr_agent,
        session_service_builder=lambda **kwargs: InMemorySessionService()
    ),
    config={
        "display_name": "hr-agent",
        "requirements": [...],
        "env_vars": {"PTO_AGENT_URL": pto_url},
        "extra_packages": ["./agent_system", a2a_path],
        "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket"
    }
)

Phase 3: Deploy Orchestrator

orch_remote = client.agent_engines.create(
    agent=AdkApp(
        agent=orchestrator_agent,
        session_service_builder=lambda **kwargs: InMemorySessionService()
    ),
    config={
        "display_name": "orchestrator",
        "requirements": [...],
        "env_vars": {
            "HR_AGENT_URL": hr_url,
            "FINANCE_AGENT_URL": finance_url
        },
        "extra_packages": ["./agent_system", a2a_path],
        "staging_bucket": "gs://your-bucket"
    }
)

Managing Agents

List Agents

agents = client.agent_engines.list()
for agent in agents:
    print(f"{agent.display_name}: {agent.resource_name}")

Get Agent Details

agent = client.agent_engines.get(resource_name="projects/.../agentEngines/...")
print(agent.display_name)
print(agent.create_time)

Update Agent

agent.update(
    display_name="Updated Agent Name",
    description="New description"
)

Delete Agent

# Safe delete
remote_agent.delete()

# Force delete (removes associated resources)
remote_agent.delete(force=True)

Advanced Topics

For detailed information on sessions, memory bank, scaling optimization, and framework integration, see:

references/advanced_deployment.md - Comprehensive Agent Engine reference including:

• Session management patterns and lifecycle
• Memory Bank features for long-term personalization
• Runtime optimization (cold start mitigation, concurrency tuning)
• Framework integration patterns (ADK, LangChain, LangGraph, etc.)
• Security features (VPC-SC, CMEK, identity management)
• Code execution sandboxing
• Evaluation and monitoring strategies

Environment Variables

# Required
export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT="your-project-id"
export GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION="us-central1"

# For Vertex AI
export GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI="1"

# Staging bucket
export BUCKET="gs://your-staging-bucket"

Supported Frameworks

Framework	Integration Level
ADK	Full
LangChain	Full
LangGraph	Full
LlamaIndex	SDK
AG2	SDK
CrewAI	Custom Template
Custom	Custom Template

Complete Deployment Example

import os
from google.cloud import aiplatform
from vertexai.agent_engines import AdkApp
from google.adk.agents import Agent
from google.adk.sessions import InMemorySessionService
import vertexai.agent_engines as vae

# Configuration
PROJECT_ID = os.environ.get("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT")
LOCATION = os.environ.get("GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION", "us-central1")
BUCKET = os.environ.get("BUCKET")

def deploy_agent(agent, name, env_vars=None, extra_packages=None):
    """Deploy an ADK agent to Agent Engine."""

    aiplatform.init(
        project=PROJECT_ID,
        location=LOCATION,
        staging_bucket=BUCKET
    )

    requirements = [
        "google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,a2a]",
        "google-adk[a2a]",
        "uvicorn",
        "fastapi",
        "a2a-sdk>=0.3.5"
    ]

    app = AdkApp(
        agent=agent,
        session_service_builder=lambda **kwargs: InMemorySessionService()
    )

    remote = vae.create(
        agent_engine=app,
        display_name=name,
        requirements=requirements,
        env_vars=env_vars,
        extra_packages=extra_packages
    )

    print(f"Deployed {name}: {remote.resource_name}")
    return remote

# Usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    from my_agent import root_agent

    remote = deploy_agent(
        root_agent,
        "my-production-agent",
        env_vars={"API_KEY": "..."},
        extra_packages=["./my_agent"]
    )

Dependencies

google-cloud-aiplatform[agent_engines,adk]>=1.112
google-adk[a2a]
uvicorn
fastapi
a2a-sdk>=0.3.5

Self-Contained Deployment Pattern (cloudpickle)

When deploying via agent_engines.create() with an agent object, ADK uses cloudpickle. Any module referenced by the agent must be importable in the Agent Engine runtime. If the agent imports from local modules (config files, tools), the pickle will fail with module-not-found errors.

Solution: Build the agent inline in the deploy script with zero external module dependencies:

def _build_agent():
    """Build agent inline for Agent Engine — no external imports."""
    from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent

    # Inline ALL data (no filesystem reads at runtime)
    _PERSONAS = [
        {"id": "budget", "name": "Budget Shopper", "budget": 120.00},
        # ...
    ]

    agents = []
    for p in _PERSONAS:
        agents.append(LlmAgent(
            name=f"shopper_{p['id']}",
            model="gemini-2.5-flash",
            instruction=f"You are {p['name']}. Budget: ${p['budget']:.2f}.",
        ))

    return LlmAgent(
        name="orchestrator",
        model="gemini-2.5-flash",
        instruction="...",
        sub_agents=agents,
    )

# Deploy
app = agent_engines.AdkApp(agent=_build_agent(), enable_tracing=True)
remote = agent_engines.create(agent_engine=app, display_name="My Agent",
    requirements=["google-adk>=1.19.0", "google-cloud-aiplatform"])

CLI Deployment (adk deploy)

Alternative to programmatic deployment:

cd src && adk deploy agent_engine \
  --project=my-project \
  --region=us-central1 \
  --staging_bucket=gs://my-bucket \
  --display_name="My Agent" \
  --trace_to_cloud \
  agent   # directory containing agent.py with root_agent

Memory Bank — Practical API

Memory Bank is auto-enabled on Agent Engine when ADK >= 1.5.0 and GOOGLE_CLOUD_AGENT_ENGINE_ID env var is set (automatic in Agent Engine runtime). No deploy flags needed.

Generate memories from conversation:

client.agent_engines.memories.generate(
    name=agent_resource,
    direct_contents_source={"events": [
        {"content": {"role": "user", "parts": [{"text": "I'm allergic to peanuts."}]}},
    ]},
    scope={"user_id": "user-123"},
    config={"wait_for_completion": True},
)

Critic Agent Pattern (Memory Persistence)

Before persisting generated insights or facts to the Memory Bank, use a "Critic Agent" pattern to evaluate candidates. Score insights based on:

1. Novelty
2. Relevance
3. Impact
4. Actionability
5. Specificity

Only write memories/insights that exceed a specific CRITIC_SURVIVAL_THRESHOLD (e.g., >= 0.85) to prevent Memory Bank pollution and maintain high signal-to-noise ratio.

Generate from pre-extracted facts:

client.agent_engines.memories.generate(
    name=agent_resource,
    direct_memories_source={"direct_memories": [
        {"fact": "Customer prefers organic produce"},
    ]},
    scope={"user_id": "user-123"},
)

Retrieve memories (scope-based):

results = client.agent_engines.memories.retrieve(
    name=agent_resource,
    scope={"user_id": "user-123"},
)
memories = list(results)

Similarity search:

results = client.agent_engines.memories.retrieve(
    name=agent_resource,
    scope={"user_id": "user-123"},
    similarity_search_params={"search_query": "dietary restrictions", "top_k": 3},
)

Shared memory across agents:

Each agent engine has its own memory namespace. To share memories, generate/retrieve against the same agent engine resource, or use the same user_id scope across multiple agents.

ADK integration (read-only):

from google.adk.tools.preload_memory_tool import PreloadMemoryTool
# Add to agent — auto-loads memories at conversation start
tools = [PreloadMemoryTool()]

PreloadMemoryTool only reads. To write memories, call memory_service.add_session_to_memory(session) explicitly after a session ends.

ADK Evaluations on Agent Engine

Run evals against deployed agents:

from google import genai
from google.genai import types

client = genai.Client(vertexai=True, project=PROJECT_ID, location=LOCATION)

eval_set = types.EvalSet(eval_set_id="my_eval", eval_cases=[
    types.EvalCase(
        eval_case_id="test_1",
        conversation_scenario=types.ConversationScenario(
            starting_prompt="What are the closing procedures?",
            conversation_plan="Ask for specific steps and safety checks.",
        ),
    ),
])

# Run inference then evaluate
result = client.evals.run_inference(agent=agent_resource, eval_set=eval_set,
    config=types.RunInferenceConfig(eval_run_id="run_1"))

evaluation = client.evals.evaluate(eval_set=result, metrics=[
    types.EvalMetric(metric_name="rubric_based_final_response_quality_v1"),
    types.EvalMetric(metric_name="hallucinations_v1"),
    types.EvalMetric(metric_name="safety_v1"),
    types.EvalMetric(metric_name="tool_use_quality_v1"),
], config=types.EvaluateConfig(eval_run_id="run_1"))

REST API for Querying Deployed Agents

import requests
import google.auth
from google.auth.transport.requests import Request

credentials, _ = google.auth.default()
credentials.refresh(Request())

url = (f"https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/"
       f"projects/{project_number}/locations/us-central1/"
       f"reasoningEngines/{agent_engine_id}:streamQuery")

resp = requests.post(url, headers={
    "Authorization": f"Bearer {credentials.token}",
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
}, json={"input": {"message": "Hello", "user_id": "user-1"}}, timeout=120)

# Response is newline-delimited JSON events
for line in resp.text.strip().split("\n"):
    event = json.loads(line)
    parts = event.get("content", {}).get("parts", [])
    for part in parts:
        if "text" in part:
            print(part["text"])

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
Package not found	Add to extra_packages or requirements
httpx client error	Use InMemorySessionService
Deployment timeout	Increase staging bucket size, reduce dependencies
Agent not responding	Check logs in Cloud Console
A2A connection failed	Verify agent URL ends with /.well-known/agent.json
Permission denied	Add required IAM roles
Bucket access error	Use gs:// prefix, ensure Storage Admin role
cloudpickle module not found	Inline all data in deploy script, no external imports
No query methods at runtime	Redeploy; broken deployments don't self-heal
Token overflow (>1M tokens)	Remove excess data stores from engine, reduce tool output size
Memories not persisting	Call add_session_to_memory() explicitly; PreloadMemoryTool is read-only
Eval not showing up	Need client.evals.run_inference() + client.evals.evaluate() calls