detecting-beaconing-patterns-with-zeek

name	detecting-beaconing-patterns-with-zeek
description	Performs statistical analysis of Zeek conn.log connection intervals to detect C2 beaconing patterns. Uses the ZAT library to load Zeek logs into Pandas DataFrames, calculates inter-arrival time standard deviation, and flags periodic connections with low jitter. Use when hunting for command-and-control callbacks in network data.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	security-operations
tags	["network-security","zeek","c2-beaconing","conn-log-analysis","zat","threat-hunting","statistical-analysis"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0
nist_csf	["DE.CM-01","RS.MA-01","GV.OV-01","DE.AE-02"]
mitre_attack	["T1071.001","T1071.004","T1573","T1008","T1095"]

Detecting Beaconing Patterns with Zeek

When to Use

• When investigating security incidents that require detecting beaconing patterns with zeek
• When building detection rules or threat hunting queries for this domain
• When SOC analysts need structured procedures for this analysis type
• When validating security monitoring coverage for related attack techniques

Prerequisites

• Familiarity with security operations concepts and tools
• Access to a test or lab environment for safe execution
• Python 3.8+ with required dependencies installed
• Appropriate authorization for any testing activities

Instructions

Load Zeek conn.log data using ZAT (Zeek Analysis Tools), group connections by source/destination pairs, and compute timing statistics to identify beaconing.

from zat.log_to_dataframe import LogToDataFrame
import numpy as np

log_to_df = LogToDataFrame()
conn_df = log_to_df.create_dataframe('/path/to/conn.log')

# Group by src/dst pair and calculate inter-arrival time
for (src, dst), group in conn_df.groupby(['id.orig_h', 'id.resp_h']):
    times = group['ts'].sort_values()
    intervals = times.diff().dt.total_seconds().dropna()
    if len(intervals) > 10:
        std_dev = np.std(intervals)
        mean_interval = np.mean(intervals)
        # Low std_dev relative to mean = likely beaconing

Key analysis steps:

1. Parse Zeek conn.log into DataFrame with ZAT LogToDataFrame
2. Group connections by source IP and destination IP pairs
3. Calculate inter-arrival time intervals between consecutive connections
4. Compute standard deviation and coefficient of variation
5. Flag pairs with low coefficient of variation as potential beacons

Examples

from zat.log_to_dataframe import LogToDataFrame
log_to_df = LogToDataFrame()
df = log_to_df.create_dataframe('conn.log')
(df[[, , , ]].head())