react-state

name	react-state
description	React mental models

Dan Abramov React Philosophy

Applying Dan Abramov's React mental models and "Just JavaScript" thinking when building React components, managing state, designing component APIs, or reviewing React code. Auto-triggers on .jsx/.tsx files, React component creation, hooks implementation, and state management decisions. Not for non-React JavaScript, not for build tooling, not for styling decisions.

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Core Mental Models

React is "Just JavaScript"

Components are functions. Props are arguments. JSX is syntax sugar for function calls. State is variables that trigger re-renders. Effects are synchronization with external systems.

// This JSX:
<Button onClick={handleClick}>Save</Button>

// Is just:
React.createElement(Button, { onClick: handleClick }, 'Save')

// Components are functions that return descriptions of UI
function Button({ onClick, children }) {
  return <button onClick={onClick}>{children}</button>;
}

Apply when: Developer seems confused about React "magic" - ground them in JavaScript fundamentals.

UI as a Function of State

UI = f(state)

The component renders based on current state. Every render is a snapshot. Props and state during a render are frozen - they describe the UI at that moment in time.

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  function handleClick() {
    // This captures count at render time
    setTimeout(() => {
      alert(`Count was: ${count}`); // Shows value from THAT render
    }, 3000);
  }

  return <button onClick={handleClick}>{count}</button>;
}

Apply when: Debugging stale closure issues, explaining why async callbacks see "old" values.

Each Render Has Its Own Everything

Every render has its own props, state, event handlers, and effects. They're all closures over that render's values.

function Chat({ roomId }) {
  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = createConnection(roomId);
    connection.connect();
    return () => connection.disconnect();
  }, [roomId]); // Effect "belongs" to this roomId
}

Apply when: Explaining useEffect dependencies, fixing infinite loops, understanding cleanup.

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Component Design Philosophy

Composition Over Configuration

Prefer composing components over adding props/flags.

// Configuration approach (prop explosion)
<Dialog
  title="Confirm"
  showCloseButton
  closeButtonPosition="top-right"
  showFooter
  footerAlignment="right"
  primaryButtonText="OK"
  secondaryButtonText="Cancel"
/>

// Composition approach
<Dialog>
  <Dialog.Header>
    <Dialog.Title>Confirm</Dialog.Title>
    <Dialog.CloseButton />
  </Dialog.Header>
  <Dialog.Body>Are you sure?</Dialog.Body>
  <Dialog.Footer>
    <Button variant="secondary" onClick={onCancel}>Cancel</Button>
    <Button variant="primary" onClick={onConfirm}>OK</Button>
  </Dialog.Footer>
</Dialog>

Apply when: Component has 5+ boolean props, props control layout/structure, different use cases need different DOM structure.

Inversion of Control

Let the parent decide what to render. Pass components/elements as props when the child shouldn't dictate structure.

// Child decides everything
<List items={users} />

// Parent controls rendering
<List>
  {users.map(user => (
    <UserCard key={user.id} user={user} />
  ))}
</List>

// Render props for complex cases
<DataFetcher url="/api/users">
  {({ data, loading, error }) => (
    loading ? <Spinner /> : <UserList users={data} />
  )}
</DataFetcher>

Apply when: Child component needs flexibility in what it renders, reusing logic but not UI.

Lift State Up (Only When Needed)

State lives where it's used. Lift only when siblings need to share.

// State lives in the component that needs it
function SearchPage() {
  return (
    <>
      <SearchInput />  {/* Has its own query state */}
      <FilterPanel />  {/* Has its own filter state */}
      <Results />      {/* Fetches based on URL params */}
    </>
  );
}

// Lift when siblings need to coordinate
function SearchPage() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('');
  return (
    <>
      <SearchInput value={query} onChange={setQuery} />
      <Results query={query} />  {/* Now they're synchronized */}
    </>
  );
}

---

State Management

useState for Local State

Simple, isolated state that doesn't need to be shared.

function Toggle() {
  const [isOn, setIsOn] = useState(false);
  return <Switch checked={isOn} onChange={() => setIsOn(!isOn)} />;
}

useReducer for Complex State Logic

When state updates depend on previous state, or when you have multiple sub-values that update together.

function reducer(state, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'increment':
      return { ...state, count: state.count + 1 };
    case 'decrement':
      return { ...state, count: state.count - 1 };
    case 'reset':
      return { count: 0 };
    default:
      throw new Error(`Unknown action: ${action.type}`);
  }
}

function Counter() {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, { count: 0 });
  return (
    <>
      <span>{state.count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'increment' })}>+</button>
    </>
  );
}

Context for "Global" State (Sparingly)

Context is for values that are truly global to a subtree: themes, locale, current user.

// Good context usage
const ThemeContext = createContext('light');

function App() {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light');
  return (
    <ThemeContext.Provider value={theme}>
      <Page />
    </ThemeContext.Provider>
  );
}

// Don't use context to avoid prop drilling
// Props are explicit and traceable - that's a feature

---

Hooks Philosophy

Custom Hooks Extract Logic, Not UI

Custom hooks are for reusing stateful logic, not for sharing UI.

// Extracts reusable logic
function useWindowSize() {
  const [size, setSize] = useState({ width: 0, height: 0 });

  useEffect(() => {
    function handleResize() {
      setSize({ width: window.innerWidth, height: window.innerHeight });
    }
    window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize);
    handleResize();
    return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize);
  }, []);

  return size;
}

// Usage
function Header() {
  const { width } = useWindowSize();
  return width < 768 ? <MobileHeader /> : <DesktopHeader />;
}

useEffect is for Synchronization

Effects synchronize React with external systems. They're not lifecycle methods.

// Synchronizing with external system
useEffect(() => {
  const connection = createConnection(roomId);
  connection.connect();
  return () => connection.disconnect();
}, [roomId]);

// NOT for derived state - use computation instead
function Component({ items }) {
  // Wrong - useEffect for derived value
  const [filteredItems, setFilteredItems] = useState([]);
  useEffect(() => {
    setFilteredItems(items.filter(i => i.active));
  }, [items]);

  // Right - just compute it
  const filteredItems = items.filter(i => i.active);
}

You Might Not Need an Effect

Many things that feel like effects are actually:

• Derived values: Just compute them during render
• Event responses: Handle in event handlers
• Initialization: Use lazy initializer in useState

// Effect for derived value - wrong
const [fullName, setFullName] = useState('');
useEffect(() => {
  setFullName(`${firstName} ${lastName}`);
}, [firstName, lastName]);

// Just compute it - right
const fullName = `${firstName} ${lastName}`;

// Effect for event response - wrong
useEffect(() => {
  if (submitted) {
    sendAnalytics('form_submitted');
  }
}, [submitted]);

// In the event handler - right
function handleSubmit() {
  setSubmitted(true);
  sendAnalytics('form_submitted');
}

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Anti-Patterns to Avoid

Premature Abstraction

Don't create abstractions until you've seen the pattern at least 3 times.

// Premature - creating "useApi" after one fetch
function useApi(url) { /* complex generic fetch hook */ }

// Start concrete, abstract later
function useUserData(userId) {
  // Specific to this use case
}

Props Spreading Blindly

// Hides what's actually passed
function Button(props) {
  return <button {...props} />;
}

// Explicit about supported props
function Button({ onClick, children, disabled, className }) {
  return (
    <button
      onClick={onClick}
      disabled={disabled}
      className={className}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  );
}

Unnecessary Memoization

Only memoize when you've measured a performance problem.

// Premature optimization
const MemoizedComponent = React.memo(SimpleComponent);
const memoizedValue = useMemo(() => a + b, [a, b]);
const memoizedCallback = useCallback(() => doThing(), []);

// Memoize when:
// - Component re-renders with same props AND render is slow
// - Value is passed to dependency arrays of other hooks
// - Callback is passed to optimized children

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Decision Framework

When to Split a Component

1. It has multiple responsibilities - Header renders nav AND user menu AND search
2. Part of it re-renders independently - Timer inside static card
3. It's hard to name - "HeaderWithSearchAndUserMenuAndNotifications"
4. You want to reuse part of it - The user avatar appears elsewhere

When to Keep Components Together

1. They always change together - Form and its validation display
2. One is meaningless without the other - Tab and TabPanel
3. Splitting adds prop drilling - Without simplifying anything

When to Use Which State Management

Scenario	Approach
Local UI state	useState
Complex state logic	useReducer
Shared between siblings	Lift state up
Deep prop drilling (infrequent changes)	Context
Frequent updates needed everywhere	External library (Zustand, Jotai)
Server state	React Query, SWR

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Code Review Checklist

When reviewing React code, verify:

• Components are functions, not classes (unless legacy)
• Props are destructured with explicit names
• State is minimal - no derived state stored
• Effects have correct dependencies (no suppressed warnings)
• Effects clean up subscriptions/timers
• Custom hooks start with "use"
• No unnecessary memoization
• Composition preferred over configuration props
• Keys are stable and unique (not index unless static list)
• Event handlers are in handlers, not effects

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Resources

• A Complete Guide to useEffect
• Before You memo()
• Writing Resilient Components
• React as a UI Runtime
• The Two Reacts