sonic-pi

name	sonic-pi
description	Use when live coding music with Sonic Pi — synthesis, samples, live_loop, FX chains, MIDI/OSC, rings, sequencing, and performance techniques.

Sonic Pi Live Coding Reference

Comprehensive reference for Sonic Pi (v4.6), a code-based music creation and live performance tool built on SuperCollider.

Core Concepts

1. Everything is beats — sleep, envelope times, and phase: opts are all in beats, scaled by BPM.
2. live_loop is the foundation — One live_loop per musical element. Must contain sleep.
3. Rings wrap around — (ring 1,2,3)[5] returns element at index 5 % 3 = 2. Use .tick and .look to step through them.
4. Deterministic randomness — Same use_random_seed produces identical sequences every run.
5. FX wrap blocks — with_fx :reverb do ... end. FX apply to everything inside the block.
6. Control running synths — Capture nodes with sn = synth :prophet, ... then control sn, cutoff: 130.

Quick Reference: Synths

Synth	Character	Key Params
:beep / :sine	Pure sine wave	—
:saw	Bright saw wave	cutoff
:square	Hollow square	cutoff
:pulse	Variable pulse	cutoff, pulse_width
:tri	Soft triangle	cutoff, pulse_width
:dsaw	Detuned saw (thick)	cutoff, detune
:dpulse	Detuned pulse	cutoff, detune, pulse_width
:dtri	Detuned triangle	cutoff, detune
:supersaw	Trancy supersaw	cutoff, res
:tb303	Acid bass (303)	cutoff, cutoff_min, res, wave, pulse_width, cutoff ADSR
:hoover	90s rave stab	cutoff, res
:prophet	Dark PWM pad	cutoff, res
:blade	Blade Runner strings	cutoff, vibrato_rate, vibrato_depth, vibrato_delay
:hollow	Breathy pad	cutoff, res, noise, norm
:dark_ambience	Slow rolling bass	cutoff, res, detune1, detune2, noise, ring, room
:growl	Deep rumble	cutoff, res
:zawa	Oscillating timbre	cutoff, res, phase, wave, range
:fm	FM synthesis	cutoff, divisor, depth
:pluck	Karplus-Strong string	noise_amp, pluck_decay, coef
:piano	Basic piano	vel, hard, stereo_width
:rhodey	60s/70s electric piano	—
:gabberkick	Gabber kick	—
:noise	White noise	cutoff, res
:pnoise	Pink noise (-3dB/oct)	cutoff, res
:bnoise	Brown noise (-6dB/oct)	cutoff, res

808 Percussive Synths (v4.5+)

:sc808_bassdrum, :sc808_snare, :sc808_clap, :sc808_tomlo, :sc808_tommid, :sc808_tomhi, :sc808_congalo, :sc808_congamid, :sc808_congahi, :sc808_rimshot, :sc808_claves, :sc808_maracas, :sc808_cowbell, :sc808_closed_hihat, :sc808_open_hihat, :sc808_cymbal

Common Synth Parameters

All synths accept: note, amp, pan, attack, decay, sustain, release, attack_level, decay_level, sustain_level, env_curve

Quick Reference: FX

FX	Purpose	Key Params
:reverb	Standard reverb	room (0-1), damp (0-1)
:gverb	Spacious reverb	spread, damp, room (m^2), release
:echo	Delay/echo	phase, decay, max_phase
:distortion	Raw crunch	distort
:bitcrusher	Lo-fi	sample_rate, bits, cutoff
:krush	Krush effect	gain, cutoff, res
:tanh	Soft clip	krunch
:slicer	Amplitude gate	phase, amp_min, amp_max, wave, probability
:panslicer	Stereo gate	phase, pan_min, pan_max, wave
:wobble	Filter wobble	phase, cutoff_min, cutoff_max, res, wave
:flanger	Flanger	phase, delay, depth, decay, feedback
:ixi_techno	Moving resonant LPF	phase, cutoff_min, cutoff_max, res
:ring_mod	Ring modulator	freq, mod_amp
:whammy	Cheap transpose	transpose, grainsize
:pitch_shift	Pitch shifting	pitch, window_size, pitch_dis, time_dis
:octaver	Octave layering	super_amp, sub_amp, subsub_amp
:vowel	Formant filter	vowel_sound (1-5), voice (0-4)
:lpf / :rlpf	Low pass filter	cutoff, res
:hpf / :rhpf	High pass filter	cutoff, res
:bpf / :rbpf	Band pass filter	centre, res
:band_eq	Band EQ	freq, res, db
:compressor	Dynamics	threshold, slope_above, slope_below, clamp_time, relax_time
:normaliser	Level normalise	level
:pan	Stereo pan	pan

Common FX params: amp, mix, pre_amp

Quick Reference: Samples

Categories

Prefix	Content
:drum_	Acoustic drums (heavy_kick, tom_, snare_, cymbal_, splash_, bass_*)
:bd_	Bass drums (ada, pure, 808, zum, gas, sone, haus, zome, boom, klub, fat, tek)
:sn_	Snares (dub, dolf, zome)
:hat_	Hi-hats (snap, zap, cats, tap, bdu, psych, zild, zan, noiz, sci, star, gem, raw, yosh, cab, gnu, metal, len)
:elec_	Electronic (triangle, snare, lo/hi/mid_snare, cymbal, soft_kick, filt_snare, fuzz_tom, chime, bong, twang, wood, pop, beep, blip, blip2, ping, bell, flip, tick, hollow_kick, twip, plip, blup)
:bass_	Bass (hit_c, hard_c, thick_c, drop_c, woodsy_c, voxy_c, voxy_hit_c, dnb_f)
:ambi_	Ambient (soft_buzz, swoosh, drone, glass_hum, glass_rub, haunted_hum, piano, lunar_land, dark_woosh, choir)
:loop_	Loops (industrial, compus, amen, amen_full, garzul, mika, breakbeat)
:perc_	Percussion (bell, snap, snap2)
:guit_	Guitar (harmonics, e_fifths, e_slide, em9)
:ride_	Rides (tri, via)
:arovane_beat_	Glitchy beats at 130 BPM (a, b, c, d, e)
:tbd_	The Black Dog samples (fxbed_loop, highkey_c4, pad_1-4, perc_blip, perc_hat, perc_tap_1/2, voctone)

Sample Manipulation

Opt	Effect
rate:	Playback speed (0.5 = octave down, 2 = octave up, negative = reverse)
beat_stretch:	Stretch to fit N beats at current BPM
pitch_stretch:	Stretch duration without changing pitch
rpitch:	Relative pitch shift in semitones
start: / finish:	Partial playback (0-1 range, start > finish = reverse)
onset:	Play specific onset within sample
slice: / num_slices:	Play specific slice
cutoff: / lpf: / hpf:	Filter (MIDI note 0-130)
amp:, pan:	Standard amplitude and panning
norm:	Normalise volume
compress:	Built-in compressor
ADSR	attack:, decay:, sustain:, release: (can only reduce, not extend)

External samples: pass a file path string to sample. Sample packs: pass directory path.

Timing and Loops

live_loop

live_loop :drums do
  sample :bd_haus
  sleep 0.5
end

• Must contain sleep (prevents infinite zero-time loops)
• Only one instance per name runs at a time
• Redefine while running to update on next iteration
• Each iteration auto-generates a cue with the loop's name

BPM and Timing

use_bpm 120              # set beats per minute
use_sample_bpm :loop_amen # match BPM to sample's natural tempo
sleep 1                   # wait 1 beat
sleep 0.25                # wait a quarter beat (sixteenth note)

Syncing Loops Together

live_loop :metro do
  cue :tick
  sleep 1
end

live_loop :melody do
  sync :metro              # locks to metro's timing
  play (scale :e3, :minor_pentatonic).choose
end

Threads

in_thread do
  4.times do
    play :e3
    sleep 0.5
  end
end

Rings, Tick, and Sequencing

Creating Rings

(ring 60, 62, 64, 65, 67)              # explicit ring
(scale :e3, :minor_pentatonic)          # scale as ring
(chord :e3, :minor)                     # chord as ring
range(0, 1, 0.1)                        # numeric range
bools(1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0)          # boolean pattern
knit(:e3, 3, :g3, 1, :a3, 2)           # repeat values: e3 x3, g3 x1, a3 x2
spread(5, 8)                            # euclidean rhythm (booleans)
line(0, 1, steps: 8)                    # linear interpolation

Tick and Look

live_loop :seq do
  play (ring :e3, :g3, :a3, :b3).tick   # advance + return
  sleep 0.25
end

# Named ticks for independent counters
live_loop :multi do
  play (scale :e3, :minor).tick(:melody)
  sample :bd_ada if (spread 3, 8).tick(:rhythm)
  sleep 0.25
end

# .look returns current without advancing
notes = (ring :e3, :g3, :a3)
notes.tick    # => :e3 (advances)
notes.look    # => :e3 (same, no advance)
notes.tick    # => :g3 (advances)

Ring Chain Methods

.reverse, .sort, .shuffle, .pick(N), .take(N), .drop(N), .stretch(N), .repeat(N), .mirror, .reflect, .scale(N), .choose, .butlast, .drop_last(N), .take_last(N)

Scales and Chords

Common scales: :major, :minor, :major_pentatonic, :minor_pentatonic, :blues, :dorian, :mixolydian, :lydian, :phrygian, :locrian, :chromatic, :whole_tone, :harmonic_minor, :melodic_minor_asc, :hungarian_minor, :hirajoshi, :iwato, :kumoi, :yo

Common chords: :major, :minor, :m7, :dom7, :dim7, :aug, :m9, :m11, :m13, :sus2, :sus4

play_pattern_timed (scale :e3, :minor_pentatonic), [0.25, 0.5]

Envelope (ADSR)

Param	Default	Purpose
attack:	0	Time to reach attack_level
decay:	0	Time from attack_level to decay_level
sustain:	0 (synths), auto (samples)	Time at sustain_level
release:	1	Time to fade to 0
attack_level:	1	Peak after attack
decay_level:	sustain_level	Level after decay
sustain_level:	1	Level during sustain
env_curve:	2	1=linear, 2=exponential, 3=sine, 4=welch, 6=squared, 7=cubed

Total duration = attack + decay + sustain + release. All values in beats.

Cutoff Envelope (TB-303, sample players)

cutoff_attack:, cutoff_decay:, cutoff_sustain:, cutoff_release:, cutoff_attack_level:, cutoff_decay_level:, cutoff_sustain_level: — independent ADSR for filter cutoff.

Controlling Running Synths

# Capture and control a synth node
sn = synth :prophet, note: :e1, release: 8, cutoff: 70, cutoff_slide: 2
sleep 1
control sn, cutoff: 130   # slides over 2 beats

# Control FX
with_fx :echo, mix: 0, mix_slide: 8 do |fx|
  control fx, mix: 1
  synth :prophet, note: :e1, release: 8
  sleep 8
end

Every modifiable opt has a _slide: counterpart: amp_slide:, cutoff_slide:, pan_slide:, note_slide:, etc.

MIDI

Receiving

live_loop :midi_in do
  use_real_time
  note, velocity = sync "/midi:*/note_on"
  synth :piano, note: note, amp: velocity / 127.0
end

Wildcards in paths: sync "/midi:*/note_on" matches any device.

Sending

midi_note_on :e3, 100            # note on with velocity
midi_note_off :e3                # note off
midi :e3, sustain: 0.5           # shortcut: note_on + sleep + note_off
midi_cc 32, 64                   # control change
midi_pitch_bend 0.5              # pitch bend
midi_clock_tick                  # clock

Target specific device/channel: port:, channel: (1-16)

OSC

Receiving (default port 4560)

live_loop :osc_in do
  use_real_time
  a, b = sync "/osc*/trigger"
  play a
end

Sending

use_osc "localhost", 4560
osc "/path", 1, 2, 3

State System

set :key, 42            # store
val = get[:key]         # retrieve (non-blocking)
val = sync :key         # block until new value set

Thread-safe and deterministic.

Randomisation

Function	Returns
rand / rand(max)	Float 0 to 1 (or 0 to max)
rand_i(max)	Integer 0 to max
rrand(min, max)	Float in range
rrand_i(min, max)	Integer in range (inclusive)
choose(list)	Random element
one_in(N)	Boolean, true with probability 1/N
dice(N)	Integer 1 to N
use_random_seed N	Set deterministic seed

All randomisation is pseudo-random — same seed = same results every run.

Sound Design Patterns

Acid Bass

use_synth :tb303
live_loop :acid do
  play :e1, release: 0.125, cutoff: rrand(70, 130), res: 0.9, wave: 0
  sleep 0.125
end

Supersaw Pad

live_loop :pad do
  use_synth :supersaw
  play chord(:e3, :minor), release: 4, cutoff: 80, res: 0.3
  sleep 4
end

Euclidean Rhythms

live_loop :euclidean do
  tick
  sample :bd_ada if (spread 5, 8).look
  sample :drum_cymbal_closed if (spread 3, 8).look
  sleep 0.125
end

Sample Slicing

live_loop :chop do
  n = 8
  n.times do |i|
    sample :loop_amen, beat_stretch: 2, onset: i
    sleep 2.0 / n
  end
end

Probabilistic Beats

live_loop :prob do
  sample :bd_haus if one_in(2)
  sample :drum_cymbal_closed if one_in(3)
  sample :drum_snare_hard if one_in(6)
  sleep 0.125
end

Steve Reich Phasing

live_loop :reich1 do
  play (ring :e4, :fs4, :b4, :cs5, :d5, :fs4, :e4, :cs5, :b4, :fs4, :d5, :cs5).tick
  sleep 0.2
end

live_loop :reich2 do
  play (ring :e4, :fs4, :b4, :cs5, :d5, :fs4, :e4, :cs5, :b4, :fs4, :d5, :cs5).tick
  sleep 0.2015  # slightly longer = gradual phase shift
end

Live Coding Performance Tips

1. Memorise shortcuts — Alt+R (Run), Alt+S (Stop). Avoid the mouse.
2. One live_loop per element — bass, drums, melody, FX each get their own loop.
3. Sync loops — Use sync :other_loop to keep them in phase.
4. Random seed surfing — Change use_random_seed N to explore variations.
5. Comment/uncomment — Use # to quickly mute/unmute lines.
6. Incremental changes — Modify one parameter at a time while code runs.
7. FX context swapping — Move live_audio between FX blocks on-the-fly.
8. Slide for smooth transitions — Use _slide: opts with control for gradual changes.

Multichannel Audio

# Mono input through FX
live_audio :mic, input: 1

# Stop input
live_audio :mic, :stop

# Direct output to specific channel
with_fx :sound_out, output: 3, amp: 0 do
  play :e3
end