graphql

name	graphql
description	Auto-apply when working with GraphQL. Trigger this skill when the user asks to create, modify, or debug GraphQL schemas, queries, mutations, resolvers, subscriptions, or Apollo/Relay connections.

GraphQL Stack Expert

You are an expert in GraphQL API Design and Implementation. You strictly adhere to Schema-First development and performance best practices.

1. Design Protocol (Schema-First)

• Definition: Always define .graphql schema files (SDL) before writing resolvers.
• Mutations: Use specific Input types (CreateUserInput) and Result types (CreateUserPayload).
• Error Handling: Prefer Union Types for domain errors (e.g., union CreateUserResult = User | EmailTakenError) over throwing top-level exceptions.

2. Schema Best Practices

Naming Conventions

• Fields & Arguments: camelCase
• Types: PascalCase
• Mutations: verbSubject pattern (e.g., createUser, deletePost, updateProfile)
• Enums: UPPER_SNAKE_CASE for values
• Avoid abbreviations: userProfile not usrPrfl

Nullability

• Default to nullable fields for resilience
• Use non-null (!) only when the client can strictly rely on the field's presence
• Examples:
  • id: ID! — always present
  • email: String — may be null (optional)
  • createdAt: Time! — always has a value

Global Object Identification

Implement the Node interface for all top-level objects:

interface Node {
  id: ID!
}

type User implements Node {
  id: ID!
  name: String!
  email: String!
}

IDs

Use the ID scalar for all entity identifiers. Never use internal database IDs directly in the schema.

3. Pagination — Relay Connections

Use Relay Cursor Connections for all list fields. Never use offset-based pagination.

type UserConnection {
  edges: [UserEdge!]!
  pageInfo: PageInfo!
  totalCount: Int!
}

type UserEdge {
  node: User!
  cursor: String!
}

type PageInfo {
  hasNextPage: Boolean!
  hasPreviousPage: Boolean!
  startCursor: String
  endCursor: String
}

# Query with pagination
type Query {
  users(first: Int, after: String, last: Int, before: String): UserConnection!
}

Sorting

Use standardized input types and enums:

enum UserSortField {
  NAME
  CREATED_AT
  EMAIL
}

enum SortDirection {
  ASC
  DESC
}

input UserOrderBy {
  field: UserSortField!
  direction: SortDirection!
}

type Query {
  users(orderBy: [UserOrderBy!]): UserConnection!
}

4. Mutations

Input & Payload Patterns

Always use specific Input and Payload types:

# Good
input CreatePostInput {
  title: String!
  content: String!
  authorId: ID!
}

type CreatePostPayload {
  post: Post
  userErrors: [UserError!]!
}

type UserError {
  field: String
  message: String!
  code: String!
}

# For simple cases, return the modified object directly
type Mutation {
  createPost(input: CreatePostInput!): CreatePostPayload!
}

Idempotent Mutations

Use verbById or verbByFilter for idempotent operations:

type Mutation {
  publishPost(id: ID!): PublishPostPayload!
  unpublishPost(id: ID!): UnpublishPostPayload!
}

5. Error Handling

Union Error Pattern

Prefer union types for domain errors:

union CreateUserResult = User | EmailTakenError | InvalidInputError

type EmailTakenError {
  email: String!
  message: String!
}

type InvalidInputError {
  fields: [InvalidField!]!
  message: String!
}

type InvalidField {
  name: String!
  message: String!
}

Error Response Format

When using top-level errors, include machine-readable codes:

{
  "errors": [
    {
      "message": "Not authorized",
      "extensions": {
        "code": "FORBIDDEN",
        "field": null
      }
    }
  ]
}

Standard Error Codes

Use these codes consistently:

• UNAUTHENTICATED — no valid credentials
• FORBIDDEN — insufficient permissions
• BAD_USER_INPUT — invalid arguments
• NOT_FOUND — resource doesn't exist
• INTERNAL_ERROR — server error
• UNAUTHORIZED — authentication required

Partial Results

GraphQL allows returning partial data alongside errors. If a field fails, return null for that field and populate the errors array.

6. Performance — N+1 Prevention

MANDATORY: Use Dataloaders for all nested relation fields.

Check: If a resolver hits the DB in a loop/list, reject it.

Solution: Batch IDs and fetch once.

// Bad: N+1 query
const user = await User.find(id);
const posts = user.posts.map(post => await Post.find(post.id));

// Good: Dataloader batched
const userLoader = new DataLoader(ids => User.findAll({ where: { id: ids } }));
const user = await userLoader.load(id);
const posts = await postLoader.loadMany(user.postIds);

7. Security

Query Depth Limiting

Enforce maximum query depth to prevent deeply nested DoS attacks:

# Recommended limits
# - Simple queries: 3-5 levels
# - Complex queries: 5-7 levels
# - Avoid allowing >10 levels

Query Complexity Analysis

Assign costs to fields and reject queries exceeding a threshold:

Field Type	Cost Weight
Scalar	1
Object (1 level)	2
List	list_size x item_cost
Connection	first x item_cost

Introspection

Disable introspection in production unless explicitly required:

// Apollo Server example
const server = new ApolloServer({
  schema: buildFederatedSchema([...]),
  introspection: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
});

Rate Limiting

Implement rate limiting based on query cost, not just IP:

// Query cost rate limiter
const costLimit = 1000; // max cost per minute
const depthLimit = 10;

8. Federation (Apollo Federation v2)

Core Directives

# Define entity with key
type User @key(fields: "id") {
  id: ID!
  name: String!
  email: String!
}

# Extend entity from another service
extend type Post @key(fields: "id") {
  id: ID! @external
  author: User!
}

Federation v2 Directives

Directive	Purpose
@key	Define entity primary key for composition
@shareable	Field resolvable by multiple services
@override	Migrate field ownership to another service
@inaccessible	Hide field from supergraph but allow in subgraph
@provides	Hint for fields provided by this service
@requires	Hint for fields required by this service

Entity Resolution Pattern

# In User service
type User @key(fields: "id") {
  id: ID!
  posts: [Post!]!
}

# In Post service
type Post @key(fields: "id") {
  id: ID!
  authorId: ID!
  author: User!
}

Schema Composition

Use Apollo Router or Federation gateway for composition:

# Federation v2 composition
rover subgraph compose \
  --graph_ref=my-graph@current \
  --subgraph_schema=./users/schema.graphql

9. Schema Evolution

Additive Changes (Safe)

• Add new fields (clients ignore unknown fields)
• Add new enum values (clients handle gracefully)
• Add new optional arguments
• Add new types

Breaking Changes (Unsafe)

• Remove or rename fields → use @deprecated
• Change field types → additive migration only
• Remove arguments
• Remove enum values
• Change nullability

Deprecation Pattern

type User {
  id: ID!
  name: String!
  username: String @deprecated(reason: "Use 'name' instead")
}

Migration Strategy

1. Add new field alongside old
2. Deploy
3. Update all clients
4. Deprecate old field
5. Remove in next major version

10. Subscriptions

Connection Pattern

type Subscription {
  postCreated: Post!
  postUpdated(id: ID!): Post!
}

Server Implementation Notes

• Use WebSocket for transport
• Implement connection keep-alive
• Handle reconnection gracefully
• Filter subscription events by user authorization

11. Tooling & Codegen

Never write types manually. Generate them.

TypeScript / Node

• Tool: GraphQL Code Generator (@graphql-codegen/cli)
• Command: pnpm codegen
• Config: codegen.ts

Go

• Tool: gqlgen (github.com/99designs/gqlgen)
• Command: go run github.com/99designs/gqlgen generate
• Config: gqlgen.yml

Python

• Tool: Ariadne or Strawberry
• Codegen: ariadne-codegen for client types

12. Rate Limiting

Query Cost Calculation

# Example cost weights
Post: 1
User: 1  
posts: list_length × Post (10 items = 10)
comments: list_length × Comment (10 items = 10)

Response Headers

X-RateLimit-Limit: 1000
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 999
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1640000000
Retry-After: 60

Error Response

{
  "errors": [{
    "message": "Rate limit exceeded",
    "extensions": { "code": "RATE_LIMITED", "retryAfter": 60 }
  }]
}

Reference

Docs: Context7 /graphql/graphql.github.io · Fallback: https://graphql.org Federation: https://www.apollographql.com/docs/federation/v2/