stacks-models

name	stacks-models
description	Use when working with data models in Stacks — the defineModel() API, model attributes with validation and factories, relationships (hasOne/hasMany/belongsTo/belongsToMany), traits (useAuth, useUuid, useTimestamps, useSearch, useApi, billable, taggable, categorizable, commentable, likeable, observe), computed properties (get/set), model generation, and the 50+ built-in framework models. Covers model definitions and storage/framework/defaults/app/Models/.
license	MIT
compatibility	Bun >= 1.3.0, TypeScript, SQLite >= 3.47.2
allowed-tools	Read Edit Write Bash Grep Glob

Stacks Models

Key Paths

• Your models: app/Models/ (create it; it does not exist in a fresh project)
• Built-in models: storage/framework/defaults/app/Models/ (62 files, grouped into commerce/, Content/, realtime/ and a flat top level)
• ModelOptions / Attribute types: storage/framework/core/types/src/model.ts
• Attribute presets: storage/framework/types/attributes.ts

To customize a built-in model, create the same filename under app/Models/ - app/Models/User.ts wins over the default. buddy publish:model User copies the default across as a starting point.

Writing a model

Everything - schema, validation, factory, relationships, behavior - is declared in one defineModel() call. Migrations are derived from this; you do not write the SQL.

// app/Models/Product.ts
import { defineModel } from '@stacksjs/orm'
import { schema } from '@stacksjs/validation'

export default defineModel({
  name: 'Product',        // defaults to the file name
  table: 'products',      // defaults to lowercase plural of `name`
  primaryKey: 'id',       // default
  autoIncrement: true,    // default

  traits: {
    useUuid: true,
    useTimestamps: true,
    useApi: { uri: 'products', routes: ['index', 'store', 'show', 'update', 'destroy'] },
    useSearch: { searchable: ['name'], filterable: ['status'] },
    observe: true,
  },

  belongsTo: ['Category'],
  hasMany: ['Review'],

  attributes: {
    name: {
      required: true,
      fillable: true,
      : ,
      : {
        : schema.().().(),
        : { :  },
      },
      :  faker..(),
    },
    : {
      : ,
      : ,
      : ,
      : { : schema.([, , ]) },
      :  faker..([, , ]),
    },
  },
}  )

as const is what the built-in models use - it narrows literal types so the generated model types stay precise.

Attribute fields

validation.rule is the only required key on an attribute.

Field	Effect
required	Value required; emits a NOT NULL column
nullable	Explicit nullability override
default	Column default (string | number | boolean | Date)
unique	Unique constraint
type	Force the column type instead of inferring from the rule
order	Column order in the table and in dashboard forms
fillable	Allow mass assignment
guarded	Block mass assignment
hidden	Exclude from JSON serialization (passwords, tokens)
foreignKey	Disable, infer, or configure the FK constraint
factory	(faker) => value, used by seeders and tests
validation	{ rule, message? } - rule from schema, message keyed by rule name

Traits

Trait	What it adds
useUuid	UUID column alongside the primary key
useTimestamps (alias timestampable)	created_at / updated_at. On by default
useSoftDeletes (alias softDeletable)	deleted_at plus soft-delete query scopes
useAuth (alias authenticatable)	Auth columns; { usePasskey: true } adds passkeys
useApi	Generates REST actions and routes: { uri, routes, middleware? }
useSearch (alias searchable)	Search-engine indexing: { displayable, searchable, sortable, filterable }
useSocials	OAuth identities, e.g. ['github']
useActivityLog	Writes an Activity row per change
observe	Emits {model}:created / :updated / :deleted events
billable	Stripe methods (checkout(), activeSubscription(), ...)
taggable / categorizable / commentable / likeable	Pivot tables and their relation methods

Also at the top level: indexes: [{ name, columns, unique?, where? }] for composite and partial-unique indexes, and dashboard: { highlight: true } to feature the model in the admin UI.

useApi is an API capability, not a dashboard-view generator. Its generated routes are registered from the merged model registry. Framework defaults are loaded first, then recursive app/Models/ definitions override matching model names. Protect non-public resources at the model:

useApi: {
  uri: 'mail-preferences',
  routes: ['index', 'store', 'show', 'update', 'destroy'],
  middleware: ['auth'],
}

Dashboard-specific endpoints may still use scoped Actions when their transport shape, authorization boundary, or aggregation differs from generic CRUD. Do not expose a sensitive model through unguarded generated routes just because a separate dashboard endpoint is protected.

Generated store and update routes accept both spellings of every fillable attribute and each foreign key implied by belongsTo. Declaring Product as a belongs-to relation therefore accepts productId or product_id without duplicating that relationship column as an attribute.

Relationships

hasOne, hasMany, belongsTo, belongsToMany, hasOneThrough, hasManyThrough, morphOne, morphMany, morphTo, morphToMany, morphedByMany. Each takes an array of model names, or an object form when you need to name the foreign key.

Use the named object form for a many-to-many relation that owns its pivot schema. It keeps the relation accessor, migration, pivot defaults, timestamps, and uniqueness in the model definition:

belongsToMany: {
  tags: {
    model: 'Tag',
    table: 'taggable_models',
    foreignKey: 'taggable_id',
    relatedKey: 'tag_id',
    pivot: {
      columns: {
        taggable_type: { default: 'posts' },
      },
      timestamps: true,
      uniques: [['tag_id', 'taggable_id', 'taggable_type']],
    },
  },
},

An instance then exposes the named relation directly:

const post = await Post.find(id)
await post.tags().sync(tagIds)
await post.tags().detach()

The legacy array form remains supported. Prefer the named form when the pivot has custom keys, columns, defaults, timestamps, or uniqueness. Run buddy generate:migrations after changing pivot metadata.

Computed properties and scopes

get: {
  fullName: (model) => `${model.firstName} ${model.lastName}`,
},
set: {
  password: (value) => makeHash(value),
},
scopes: {
  published: (query) => query.where('status', 'published'),
},

Workflow

buddy make:model Product        # scaffold app/Models/Product.ts
buddy generate:migrations       # diff models against the schema, emit SQL
# review the generated file in database/migrations/
buddy migrate                   # apply it
buddy migrate:fresh --seed      # dev only: drop, re-migrate, seed

Models resolve at runtime through createModel() from bun-query-builder - there is no build step between editing a model and querying it. Only migrations need generating.

Seeding

Seed data is declared on the model, through the useSeeder trait plus the per-attribute factory functions:

traits: {
  useSeeder: {
    count: 20,
    // Optional: pin specific rows over the generated ones. Keys use the
    // model's camelCase attribute names.
    fixtures: [
      { name: 'Flagship Widget', status: 'published' },
    ],
  },
},

buddy seed walks every model carrying the trait and fills its table from the attribute factories. Nothing else is needed - no seeder files, no registration.

buddy seed                       # every model with a useSeeder trait
buddy seed --fresh               # truncate each table first
buddy seed --only Product,Review # just these models
buddy seed --except User         # everything but these
buddy seed --include-defaults    # framework built-ins too

A model with no useSeeder trait is never seeded. Auth and OAuth models are skipped on a non-fresh database so re-seeding cannot invalidate live sessions - pass --allow-protected to override.

All 62 built-in models by category

Users & Auth

• User — name, email, password | traits: useAuth(passkey), useUuid, useTimestamps, useSocials(github) | hasOne: Subscriber, Driver, Author | hasMany: PersonalAccessToken, Customer
• Author — name, email | belongsTo: User | hasMany: Post
• Customer — name, email, phone, totalSpent, lastOrder, status, avatar | belongsTo: User | hasMany: Order, GiftCard, Review, Payment
• Driver — name, phone, vehicleNumber, license, status | belongsTo: User | hasMany: DeliveryRoute
• Subscriber — email, status, source | belongsTo: User | hasMany: SubscriberEmail

Content

• Post — title, content, poster, excerpt, views, publishedAt, status, isFeatured | belongsTo: Author | traits: categorizable, taggable, commentable | seeder: 20
• Page — similar to Post with taggable, categorizable
• Comment — author info, approval, content fields
• Tag — name(unique), slug(unique), description, postCount, color | seeder: 15
• Category — name, description, slug, imageUrl, isActive, parentCategoryId, displayOrder | hasMany: Product | seeder: 10

Commerce (20+ models)

• Product — name(max100), description, price(min1), imageUrl, isAvailable, inventoryCount, preparationTime, allergens(JSON), nutritionalInfo(JSON) | belongsTo: Category, Manufacturer | hasMany: Review, ProductUnit, ProductVariant, LicenseKey, WaitlistProduct, Coupon | seeder: 10, dashboard: highlighted
• ProductVariant — SKU, options, pricing
• ProductUnit — unit-specific pricing
• Cart — status(active|abandoned|converted|expired), totalItems, subtotal, taxAmount, discountAmount, total, expiresAt, currency(USD), notes | hasMany: CartItem | belongsTo: Customer, Coupon
• CartItem — quantity(min1), unitPrice, totalPrice, taxRate, taxAmount, discountPercentage, productName, productSku | belongsTo: Cart
• Order — status, totalAmount, taxAmount, discountAmount, deliveryFee, tipAmount, orderType(DINE_IN|TAKEOUT|DELIVERY), deliveryAddress, specialInstructions | hasMany: OrderItem, Payment | belongsTo: Customer, Coupon | observe: true | seeder: 20
• OrderItem — quantity(min1), price(min0), specialInstructions | belongsTo: Order, Product
• Coupon — code(unique), discountType(fixed_amount|percentage), discountValue, minOrderAmount, usageLimit, usageCount, startDate, endDate | seeder: 15
• GiftCard — code(unique), initialBalance, currentBalance, currency, status, recipientEmail, isDigital, isReloadable, expiryDate | seeder: 20
• Manufacturer — manufacturer info
• Review — rating(1-5), title, content(max2000), isVerifiedPurchase, isApproved, isFeatured, helpfulVotes, unhelpfulVotes | belongsTo: Product, Customer | seeder: 50

Shipping & Delivery

• ShippingMethod, ShippingRate (weightFrom, weightTo, rate), ShippingZone
• DeliveryRoute — driver, vehicle, stops, totalDistance | belongsTo: Driver
• DigitalDelivery — name, downloadLimit, expiryDays, automaticDelivery
• LicenseKey — key(XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX), template, expiryDate, status

Payments & Financial

• Payment — amount, method(creditCard|debitCard|paypal|...), status(pending|completed|failed|refunded), currency, transactionId(unique) | belongsTo: Order, Customer | seeder: 50
• PaymentMethod, PaymentProduct, PaymentTransaction
• Subscription — type, providerId, providerStatus, unitPrice
• Transaction — standard transaction tracking
• TaxRate — name, rate(0-100), type(VAT|GST|Sales Tax|Customs Duty), country, region, isDefault

Engagement & Marketing

• Notification — type, channel, recipient, subject, body, status(pending|sent|delivered|failed|read) | belongsTo: User | seeder: 30
• Campaign — name, type(email|sms|push|social|multi-channel), status, audienceSize, openRate, clickRate, budget | seeder: 10
• Activity — type, description, subjectType, subjectId, causer, properties(JSON), ipAddress | belongsTo: User | seeder: 50
• EmailList, SocialPost, LoyaltyPoint (walletId, points, source, expiryDate), LoyaltyReward

System

• Job — queue, payload, attempts, available_at, reserved_at | seeder: 15
• FailedJob — failed background jobs
• Error — type, message, stack, status, additionalInfo | seeder: 10
• Log — application logs
• Request — method, path, statusCode, durationMs, ipAddress, memoryUsage, userAgent, errorMessage | seeder: 50
• Websocket — connection tracking
• PrintDevice — name, location, terminal, lastPing, printCount, isActive
• WaitlistProduct, WaitlistRestaurant — waitlist tracking
• Receipt — receipt records

CLI Commands

• buddy make:model [name] — scaffold a model in app/Models/
• buddy publish:model [name] — copy a built-in model into app/Models/ to override it
• buddy generate:migrations — diff models against the schema and emit SQL
• buddy migrate / buddy migrate:fresh --seed — apply migrations
• buddy make:migration [name] — hand-write a migration instead
• buddy make:factory [name] — standalone factory
• buddy seed — seed every model carrying a useSeeder trait

Gotchas

• No code generation step for models. defineModel() calls createModel() from bun-query-builder at runtime, so a model is queryable the moment you save it. Only migrations are generated.
• Migrations come from models. Change the model, run buddy generate:migrations, review the SQL, then buddy migrate. Editing a generated migration by hand will be overwritten by the next diff.
• commentable, not commentables. define-model only checks the singular key. The plural spelling used to type check while leaving the trait inert.
• Seeding is model-declared. useSeeder sets the count and fixtures; the per-attribute factory functions produce the values. There are no seeder files to write or register.
• hidden is serialization, guarded is mass assignment. They are different protections; a password wants both hidden and no fillable.
• validation.rule is mandatory on every attribute - it drives both request validation and the inferred column type.
• Dashboard-highlighted models (dashboard: { highlight: true }) appear prominently in the admin UI.