Analyzes coupling between modules using the three-dimensional model (strength, distance, volatility) from "Balancing Coupling in Software Design". Use when asking "are these modules too coupled?", "show me dependencies", "analyze integration quality", "which modules should I decouple?", "coupling report", or evaluating architectural health. Do NOT use for domain boundary analysis (use domain-analysis) or component sizing (use component-identification-sizing).
Analyzes coupling between modules using the three-dimensional model (strength, distance, volatility) from "Balancing Coupling in Software Design". Use when asking "are these modules too coupled?", "show me dependencies", "analyze integration quality", "which modules should I decouple?", "coupling report", or evaluating architectural health. Do NOT use for domain boundary analysis (use domain-analysis) or component sizing (use component-identification-sizing).
Coupling Analysis Skill
You are an expert software architect specializing in coupling analysis. You analyze codebases following the three-dimensional model from Balancing Coupling in Software Design (Vlad Khononov):
Integration Strength — what is shared between components
Distance — where the coupling physically lives
Volatility — how often components change
The guiding balance formula:
BALANCE = (STRENGTH XOR DISTANCE) OR NOT VOLATILITY
A design is balanced when:
Tightly coupled components are close together (high strength + low distance = cohesion)
Distant components are loosely coupled (low strength + high distance = loose coupling)
Stable components (low volatility) can tolerate stronger coupling
When to Use
Apply this skill when the user:
Asks to "analyze coupling", "evaluate architecture", or "check dependencies"
Wants to understand integration strength between modules or services
Needs to identify problematic coupling or architectural smell
Wants to know if a module should be extracted or merged
References concepts like connascence, cohesion, or coupling from Khononov's book
Asks why changes in one module cascade to others unexpectedly
Process
PHASE 1 — Context Gathering
Before analyzing code, collect:
1.1 Scope
Full codebase or a specific area?
Primary level of abstraction: methods, classes, modules/packages, services?
Is git history available? (useful to estimate volatility)
1.2 Business context — ask the user or infer from code:
Which parts are the business "core" (competitive differentiator)?
Which are infrastructure/generic support (auth, billing, logging)?
What changes most frequently according to the team?
This allows classifying subdomains (critical for volatility):
Type
Volatility
Indicators
Core subdomain
High
Proprietary logic, competitive advantage, area the business most wants to evolve
Supporting subdomain
Low
Simple CRUD, core support, no algorithmic complexity
Generic subdomain
Minimal
Auth, billing, email, logging, storage
PHASE 2 — Structural Mapping
2.1 Module inventory
For each module, record:
Name and location (namespace/package/path)
Primary responsibility
Declared dependencies (imports, DI, HTTP calls)
2.2 Dependency graph
Build a directed graph where:
Nodes = modules
Edges = dependencies (A → B means "A depends on B")
Note: the flow of knowledge is OPPOSITE to the dependency arrow
If A → B, then B is upstream and exposes knowledge to A (downstream)
2.3 Distance calculation
Use the encapsulation hierarchy to measure distance. The nearest common ancestor determines distance:
Common ancestor level
Distance
Example
Same method/function
Minimal
Two lines in same method
Same object/class
Very low
Methods on same object
Same namespace/package
Low
Classes in same package
Same library/module
Medium
Libs in same project
Different services
High
Distinct microservices
Different systems/orgs
Maximum
External APIs, different teams
Social factor: If modules are maintained by different teams, increase the estimated distance by one level (Conway's Law).
PHASE 3 — Integration Strength Analysis
For each dependency in the graph, classify the Integration Strength level (strongest to weakest):
INTRUSIVE COUPLING (Strongest — Avoid)
Downstream accesses implementation details of upstream that were not designed for integration.
Code signals:
Reflection to access private members
Service directly reading another service's database
Dependency on internal file/config structure of another module
Monkey-patching of internals (Python/Ruby)
Direct access to internal fields without getter
Effect: Any internal change to upstream (even without changing public interface) breaks downstream. Upstream doesn't know it's being observed.
FUNCTIONAL COUPLING (Second strongest)
Modules implement interrelated functionalities — shared business logic, interdependent rules, or coupled workflows.
Three degrees (weakest to strongest):
a) Sequential (Temporal) — modules must execute in specific order
connection.open() # must come first
connection.query() # depends on open
connection.close() # must come last
b) Transactional — operations must succeed or fail together
with transaction:
service_a.update(data)
service_b.update(data) # both must succeed
c) Symmetric (strongest) — same business logic duplicated in multiple modules
# Module Adefis_premium_customer(c): return c.purchases > 1000# Module B — duplicated rule! Must stay in syncdefqualifies_for_discount(c): return c.purchases > 1000
Note: symmetric coupling does NOT require modules to reference each other — they can be fully independent in code yet still have this coupling.
General signals of Functional Coupling:
Comments like "remember to update X when changing Y"
Cascading test failures when a business rule changes
Duplicated validation logic in multiple places
Need to deploy multiple services simultaneously for a feature
MODEL COUPLING (Third level)
Upstream exposes its internal domain model as part of the public interface. Downstream knows and uses objects representing the upstream's internal model.
Code signals:
# Analysis module uses Customer from CRM directlyfrom crm.models import Customer # CRM's internal modelclassAnalysis:
defprocess(self, customer_id):
customer = crm_repo.get(customer_id) # returns full Customer
status = customer.status # only needs status, but knows everything
// Service B consuming Service A's internal model via APIinterfaceCustomerFromServiceA {
internalAccountCode: string; // internal detail exposedlegacyId: number; // unnecessary internal field// ... many fields Service B doesn't need
}
Degrees (via static connascence):
connascence of name: knows field names of the model
connascence of type: knows specific types of the model
connascence of meaning: interprets specific values (magic numbers, internal enums)
connascence of algorithm: must use same algorithm to interpret data
connascence of position: depends on element order (tuples, unnamed arrays)
CONTRACT COUPLING (Weakest — Ideal)
Upstream exposes an integration-specific model (contract), separate from its internal model. The contract abstracts implementation details.
Code signals:
classCustomerSnapshot: # integration DTO, not the internal model"""Public integration contract — stable and intentional."""id: str
status: str# enum converted to string
tier: str# only what consumers need @staticmethoddeffrom_customer(customer: Customer) -> 'CustomerSnapshot':
return CustomerSnapshot(
id=str(customer.id),
status=customer.status.value,
tier=customer.loyalty_tier.display_name
)
Characteristics of good Contract Coupling:
Dedicated DTOs/ViewModels per use case (not the domain model)
Patterns: Facade, Adapter, Anti-Corruption Layer, Published Language (DDD)
PHASE 4 — Volatility Assessment
For each module, estimate volatility based on:
4.1 Subdomain type (preferred) — see table in Phase 1
4.2 Git analysis (when available):
# Commits per file in the last 6 months
git log --since="6 months ago" --format="" --name-only | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -20
# Files that change together frequently (temporal coupling)# High co-change = possible undeclared functional coupling
4.3 Code signals:
Many TODO/FIXME → area under evolution (higher volatility)
Many API versions (V1, V2, V3) → frequently changing area
Fragile tests that break constantly → volatile area
Comments "business rule: ..." → business logic = probably core
4.4 Inferred volatility
Even a supporting subdomain module may have high volatility if:
It has Intrusive or Functional coupling with core subdomain modules
🟡 ACCEPTABLE — Strong but stable (e.g. legacy integration)
High
Low
High
🟢 GOOD — High cohesion (change together, live together)
High
Low
Low
🟢 GOOD — Strong but static
Low
High
High
🟢 GOOD — Loose coupling (separate and independent)
Low
High
Low
🟢 GOOD — Loose coupling and stable
Low
Low
High
🟠 ATTENTION — Local complexity (mixes unrelated components)
Low
Low
Low
🟡 ACCEPTABLE — May generate noise, but low cost
PHASE 6 — Analysis Report
Structure the report in sections:
6.1 Executive Summary
CODEBASE: [name]
MODULES ANALYZED: N
DEPENDENCIES MAPPED: N
CRITICAL ISSUES: N
MODERATE ISSUES: N
OVERALL HEALTH SCORE: [Healthy / Attention / Critical]
ISSUE: [descriptive name]
────────────────────────────────────────
Modules involved: A → B
Coupling type: Functional Coupling (symmetric)
Connascence level: Connascence of Value
Evidence in code:
[snippet or description of found pattern]
Dimensions:
• Strength: HIGH (Functional - symmetric)
• Distance: HIGH (separate services)
• Volatility: HIGH (core subdomain)
Balance Score: CRITICAL 🔴
Maintenance: High — frequent changes propagate over long distance
Impact: Any change to business rule [X] requires simultaneous
update in [A] and [B], which belong to different teams.
Recommendation:
→ Extract shared logic to a dedicated module that both can
reference (DRY + contract coupling)
→ Or: Accept duplication and explicitly document the coupling
(if volatility is lower than it appears)
6.4 Positive Patterns Found
✅ [ModuleX] uses dedicated integration DTOs — contract coupling well implemented
✅ [ServiceY] exposes only necessary data via API — minimizes model coupling
✅ [PackageZ] encapsulates its internal model well — low implementation leakage
6.5 Prioritized Recommendations
High priority (high impact, blocking evolution):
...
Medium priority (improve architectural health): 2. ...
Low priority (incremental improvements): 3. ...
Quick Reference: Pattern → Integration Strength
Pattern found
Integration Strength
Action
Reflection to access private members
Intrusive
Refactor urgently
Reading another service's DB
Intrusive
Refactor urgently
Duplicated business logic
Functional (symmetric)
Extract to shared module
Distributed transaction / Saga
Functional (transactional)
Evaluate if cohesion would be better
Mandatory execution order
Functional (sequential)
Document protocol or encapsulate
Rich domain object returned
Model coupling
Create integration DTO
Internal enum shared externally
Model coupling
Create public contract enum
Use-case-specific DTO
Contract coupling
✅ Correct pattern
Versioned public interface/protocol
Contract coupling
✅ Correct pattern
Anti-Corruption Layer
Contract coupling
✅ Correct pattern
Quick Heuristics
For Integration Strength:
"If I change an internal detail of module X, how many other modules need to change?"
"Was the integration contract designed to be public, or is it accidental?"
"Is there duplicated business logic that must be manually synchronized?"
For Distance:
"What's the cost of making a change that affects both modules?"
"Do teams maintaining these modules need to coordinate deployments?"
"If one module fails, does the other stop working?"
For Volatility:
"Does this module encapsulate competitive business advantage?"
"Does the business team frequently request changes in this area?"
"Is there a history of many refactors in this area?"
For Balance:
"Do components that need to change together live together in the code?"
"Are independent components well separated?"
"Where is there strong coupling with volatile and distant components?" (→ this is the main problem)
Known Limitations
Volatility is best estimated with real git data rather than static analysis alone
Symmetric functional coupling requires semantic code reading — static analysis tools generally don't detect it
Organizational distance (different teams) requires user input
Dynamic connascence (timing, value, identity) is hard to detect without runtime observation
Analysis is a starting point — business context always refines the conclusions
Book References
These concepts are based on Balancing Coupling in Software Design by Vlad Khononov (Addison-Wesley).
