optimizing-query-text

name

optimizing-query-text

description

Optimizes Snowflake SQL query performance from provided query text. Use when optimizing Snowflake SQL for: (1) User provides or pastes a SQL query and asks to optimize, tune, or improve it (2) Task mentions "slow query", "make faster", "improve performance", "optimize SQL", or "query tuning" (3) Reviewing SQL for performance anti-patterns (function on filter column, implicit joins, etc.) (4) User asks why a query is slow or how to speed it up

Optimize Query from SQL Text

OUTPUT FORMAT

Return ONLY the optimized SQL query. No markdown formatting, no explanations, no bullet points - just pure SQL that can be executed directly in Snowflake.

CRITICAL: Semantic Preservation Rules

The optimized query MUST return IDENTICAL results to the original.

Before returning ANY optimization, verify:

• Same columns: Exact same columns in exact same order with exact same aliases
• Same rows: Filter conditions must be semantically equivalent
• Same ordering: Preserve ORDER BY exactly as written
• Same limits: If original has LIMIT N, keep LIMIT N. If no LIMIT, do NOT add one.

If you cannot guarantee identical results, return the original query unchanged.

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Pattern 1: Function on Filter Column

Problem: Functions on columns in WHERE clause prevent partition pruning and index usage.

CAN Fix

Original	Optimized	Why Safe
WHERE DATE(ts) = '2024-01-01'	WHERE ts >= '2024-01-01' AND ts < '2024-01-02'	Equivalent range
WHERE YEAR(dt) = 2024	WHERE dt >= '2024-01-01' AND dt < '2025-01-01'	Equivalent range
WHERE MONTH(dt) = 3 AND YEAR(dt) = 2024	WHERE dt >= '2024-03-01' AND dt < '2024-04-01'	Equivalent range
WHERE DATE(ts) >= '2024-01-01' AND DATE(ts) < '2024-02-01'	WHERE ts >= '2024-01-01' AND ts < '2024-02-01'	Same boundaries
WHERE YEAR(dt) BETWEEN 1995 AND 1996	WHERE dt >= '1995-01-01' AND dt < '1997-01-01'	Equivalent range

CANNOT Fix

Pattern	Why Not
WHERE YEAR(dt) IN (SELECT year FROM ...)	Dynamic values, cannot precompute range
WHERE DATE(ts) = DATE(other_col)	Comparing two columns, both need function
WHERE EXTRACT(DOW FROM dt) = 1	Day-of-week has no contiguous range
WHERE DATE_TRUNC('month', dt) = '2024-01-01' in GROUP BY	Needed for grouping logic
SELECT YEAR(dt) AS yr ... GROUP BY YEAR(dt)	Function in SELECT/GROUP BY is fine, only filter matters

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Pattern 2: Function on JOIN Column

Problem: Functions on JOIN columns prevent hash joins, forcing slower nested loop joins.

CAN Fix

Original	Optimized	Why Safe
ON CAST(a.id AS VARCHAR) = CAST(b.id AS VARCHAR)	ON a.id = b.id	If both are same type (e.g., INTEGER)
ON UPPER(a.code) = UPPER(b.code)	ON a.code = b.code	If data is already consistently cased
ON TRIM(a.name) = TRIM(b.name)	ON a.name = b.name	If data has no leading/trailing spaces

CANNOT Fix

Pattern	Why Not
ON CAST(a.id AS VARCHAR) = b.string_id	Types genuinely differ, CAST required
ON DATE(a.timestamp) = b.date_col	Different granularity, DATE() required
ON UPPER(a.code) = b.code	If b.code might have different case
ON a.id = b.id + 1	Arithmetic transformation, cannot remove

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Pattern 3: NOT IN Subquery

Problem: NOT IN has poor performance and unexpected NULL behavior.

CAN Fix

Original	Optimized	Why Safe
WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM t WHERE ...)	WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t WHERE t.id = main.id AND ...)	Equivalent when subquery column is NOT NULL
WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM t) where id has NOT NULL constraint	WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t WHERE t.id = main.id)	NOT NULL guarantees equivalence

CANNOT Fix

Pattern	Why Not
WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT nullable_col FROM t)	If subquery returns NULL, NOT IN returns no rows; NOT EXISTS doesn't
WHERE (a, b) NOT IN (SELECT x, y FROM t)	Multi-column NOT IN has complex NULL semantics

Key Rule: Only convert NOT IN to NOT EXISTS if you can verify the subquery column cannot be NULL.

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Pattern 4: Repeated Subquery

Problem: Same subquery executed multiple times causes redundant scans.

CAN Fix

Original	Optimized
Subquery appears 2+ times identically	Extract to CTE, reference CTE multiple times
Same aggregation used in multiple places	Compute once in CTE

CANNOT Fix

Pattern	Why Not
Correlated subquery (references outer table)	Each execution is different, cannot cache
Subqueries with different filters	Not actually the same subquery
Subquery in SELECT that depends on current row	Correlation prevents extraction

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Pattern 5: Implicit Comma Joins

Problem: Comma-separated tables in FROM clause are harder to read and optimize.

CAN Fix - Always

Convert FROM a, b, c WHERE a.id = b.id AND b.id = c.id to explicit JOIN syntax.

This is always safe - just restructuring, no semantic change.

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UNSAFE Optimizations (NEVER apply)

• UNION to UNION ALL: UNION deduplicates rows, UNION ALL does not - different results
• Changing window functions: Do not modify SUM(SUM(x)) OVER(...) or similar nested aggregates
• Adding redundant filters: Do not add filters in JOIN ON if same filter exists in WHERE
• Changing column names: Copy column names EXACTLY from original - do not "simplify" or rename
• Changing column aliases: Keep all aliases exactly as original
• Adding early filtering in JOINs: If a filter is in WHERE, do not duplicate it in JOIN ON clause

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Principles

1. Minimal changes: Make the fewest changes necessary. Simpler optimizations are more reliable.
2. Preserve structure: Keep subqueries, CTEs, and overall query structure unless there's a clear benefit.
3. When in doubt, don't: If unsure whether a change preserves semantics, skip it.
4. Copy exactly: Column names, table aliases, and expressions should be copied character-for-character.

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Priority Order

1. Date/time functions on filter columns - Highest impact
2. Implicit joins to explicit JOIN - Always safe, improves readability
3. NOT IN to NOT EXISTS - Only if NULL-safe

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Requirements

• Results must be identical: Same rows, same columns, same order
• Valid Snowflake SQL: Output must execute without errors in Snowflake