cloudformation-diagnostics

name	cloudformation-diagnostics
version	1.0.0
last_updated	2025-04-12
description	Use this skill to investigate and troubleshoot AWS CloudFormation and CDK problems by analyzing stack events, template errors, drift state, resource failures, and following structured runbooks. Activate when: CREATE_FAILED, UPDATE_FAILED, DELETE_FAILED, UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED, template syntax errors, circular dependencies, parameter issues, resource creation failures, dependency failures, resource timeouts, resource already exists, drift detection, drift remediation, resource import, nested stack failures, output reference errors, custom resource Lambda failures, custom resource timeouts, cleanup on delete failures, StackSet operation failures, StackSet instance failures, StackSet deployment timeouts, change set failures, replacement detection, CDK synth errors, CDK deploy failures, CDK bootstrap issues, or the user says something is wrong with CloudFormation or CDK without naming specific symptoms.
compatibility	Requires AWS CLI or SDK access with CloudFormation, IAM, Lambda, CloudWatch Logs, CloudTrail, and optionally CDK CLI permissions.

CloudFormation Diagnostics

When to use

Any CloudFormation or CDK investigation where the console alone is insufficient — stack failure analysis, template debugging, drift detection, nested stack troubleshooting, custom resource failures, StackSet operations, change set evaluation, resource import, or CDK synthesis and deployment errors.

Investigation workflow

Step 1 — Collect and triage

aws cloudformation describe-stacks --stack-name <stack>
aws cloudformation describe-stack-events --stack-name <stack>
aws cloudformation get-template --stack-name <stack>
aws cloudformation detect-stack-drift --stack-name <stack>

Step 2 — Domain deep dive

aws cloudformation list-stack-resources --stack-name <stack>
aws cloudformation describe-stack-resource-drifts --stack-name <stack>
aws cloudformation describe-change-set --stack-name <stack> --change-set-name <changeset>
aws cloudformation list-stack-sets

Step 3 — Detailed investigation

aws cloudtrail lookup-events --lookup-attributes AttributeKey=EventSource,AttributeValue=cloudformation.amazonaws.com --max-results 20
aws logs filter-log-events --log-group-name /aws/lambda/<custom-resource-function> --start-time <epoch-ms>
aws logs describe-log-groups --log-group-name-prefix /aws/lambda/

Read references/cloudformation-guardrails.md before concluding on any CloudFormation issue.

Tool quick reference

Tool / API	When to use
describe-stacks	Stack status, outputs, parameters
describe-stack-events	Failure event timeline (read bottom-up)
get-template	Current deployed template
validate-template	Syntax and basic structure validation
detect-stack-drift	Initiate drift detection
describe-stack-resource-drifts	Drift details per resource
list-stack-resources	All resources and their status
describe-change-set	Preview changes before update
continue-update-rollback	Fix UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED
list-imports	Find stacks importing an export
describe-stack-set-operation	StackSet operation details
list-stack-set-operation-results	Per-account/region StackSet results

Gotchas: CloudFormation

• Stack events show failures in reverse chronological order. Read bottom-up for root cause — the FIRST *_FAILED event is the real error; subsequent failures are cascading.
• DELETE_FAILED usually means a resource can't be deleted. Common causes: S3 bucket not empty, ENI still in use by another resource, security group referenced by another resource.
• UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED is the worst state. Requires ContinueUpdateRollback with --resources-to-skip for resources that cannot be rolled back. This is the only way to recover without deleting the stack.
• Circular dependencies are detected at template validation, not deployment. CloudFormation catches them during validate-template or at the start of create/update, before any resources are provisioned.
• Custom resources have a 1-hour timeout by default. The Lambda function must send SUCCESS or FAILED to the presigned S3 URL. If it doesn't respond within the timeout, CloudFormation marks it as failed.
• Resource import requires a deletion policy of Retain. The resource must have DeletionPolicy: Retain in the template before it can be imported into a stack.
• Nested stacks fail from the inside out. Check the innermost nested stack first — the root cause is always in the deepest failing stack.
• DependsOn creates implicit ordering but doesn't guarantee resource readiness. A resource may be in CREATE_COMPLETE status but not yet fully functional (e.g., an RDS instance that is created but not yet accepting connections).
• Change sets show what WILL change but don't catch all replacement scenarios. Some replacements are conditional on the actual property values and can't be determined until execution.
• Drift detection doesn't cover all resource types. Only resources that support drift detection are checked. Unsupported resources are silently skipped.
• StackSets have concurrency limits and failure tolerance settings. MaxConcurrentCount/MaxConcurrentPercentage control parallelism. FailureToleranceCount/FailureTolerancePercentage control how many failures are acceptable before the operation stops.
• CDK synth errors are local (template generation) vs deploy errors are remote (CloudFormation). Synth errors mean the CDK app code has issues. Deploy errors mean the generated template or the AWS environment has issues.
• Template size limits: 51,200 bytes for direct upload, 460,800 bytes via S3 URL.
• Resource limits: maximum 500 resources per stack. Use nested stacks to exceed this.
• DeletionPolicy vs UpdateReplacePolicy: DeletionPolicy controls what happens when the resource is removed from the template or the stack is deleted. UpdateReplacePolicy controls what happens when the resource is replaced during an update.
• Stack policy protects resources from updates. A stack policy can prevent updates to specific resources even if the IAM principal has full CloudFormation permissions.
• Macro transforms (e.g., AWS::Serverless, AWS::Include) are processed before validation. Errors in macros produce cryptic messages.

Stack status reference

Status	Meaning
CREATE_IN_PROGRESS	Stack creation underway
CREATE_FAILED	One or more resources failed to create
CREATE_COMPLETE	All resources created successfully
ROLLBACK_IN_PROGRESS	Creation failed, rolling back
ROLLBACK_COMPLETE	Rollback after failed creation complete
UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS	Stack update underway
UPDATE_COMPLETE	Update succeeded
UPDATE_ROLLBACK_IN_PROGRESS	Update failed, rolling back
UPDATE_ROLLBACK_COMPLETE	Rollback after failed update complete
UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED	Rollback itself failed — manual intervention needed
DELETE_IN_PROGRESS	Stack deletion underway
DELETE_FAILED	One or more resources failed to delete
DELETE_COMPLETE	Stack deleted

Anti-hallucination rules

1. Always cite specific stack events, resource status reasons, or API responses as evidence.
2. Stack events must be read bottom-up. Never diagnose from the top of the event list.
3. Rollback success does NOT mean the original operation succeeded. Always find the original failure.
4. Custom resources have a 1-hour timeout, not instant. Never claim custom resource failures are immediate.
5. Drift detection does not cover all resource types. Never claim full drift coverage.
6. Spend no more than 2 minutes on any single hypothesis. Pivot if inconclusive.

32 runbooks

Category	IDs	Covers
A — Stack Failures	A1–A4	CREATE_FAILED, UPDATE_FAILED, DELETE_FAILED, UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED
B — Template Issues	B1–B3	Syntax errors, circular dependencies, parameter issues
C — Resource Errors	C1–C4	Resource creation failure, already exists, timeout, dependency failure
D — Drift	D1–D3	Drift detection, drift remediation, resource import
E — Nested Stacks	E1–E2	Nested stack failures, output references
F — Custom Resources	F1–F3	Lambda failures, timeout, cleanup on delete
G — StackSets	G1–G3	Operation failures, instance failures, deployment timeouts
H — Change Sets	H1–H2	Change set failures, replacement detection
I — CDK	I1–I3	Synth errors, deploy failures, bootstrap issues
Z — Catch-All	Z1	General troubleshooting