cloudflare/workerd

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# 👷 `workerd`, Cloudflare's JavaScript/Wasm Runtime ![Banner](/docs/assets/banner.png) `workerd` (pronounced: "worker-dee") is a JavaScript / Wasm server runtime based on the same code that powers [Cloudflare Workers](https://workers.dev). You might use it: * **As an application server**, to self-host applications designed for Cloudflare Workers. * **As a development tool**, to develop and test such code locally. * **As a programmable HTTP proxy** (forward or reverse), to efficiently intercept, modify, and route network requests. ## Introduction ### Design Principles * **Server-first:** Designed for servers, not CLIs nor GUIs. * **Standard-based:** Built-in APIs are based on web platform standards, such as `fetch()`. * **Nanoservices:** Split your application into components that are decoupled and independently-deployable like microservices, but with performance of a local function call. When one nanoservice calls another, the callee runs in the same thread and process. * **Homogeneous deployment:** Instead of deploying different microservices to different machines in your cluster, deploy all your nanoservices to every machine in the cluster, making load balancing much easier. * **Capability bindings:** `workerd` configuration uses capabilities instead of global namespaces to connect nanoservices to each other and external resources. The result is code that is more composable -- and immune to SSRF attacks. * **Always backwards compatible:** Updating `workerd` to a newer version will never break your JavaScript code. `workerd`'s version number is simply a date, corresponding to the maximum ["compatibility date"](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/compatibility-dates/) supported by that version. You can always configure your worker to a past date, and `workerd` will emulate the API as it existed on that date. [Read the blog post to learn more about these principles.](https://blog.cloudflare.com/workerd-open-source-workers-runtime/) ### WARNING: `workerd` is not a hardened sandbox `workerd` tries to isolate each Worker so that it can only access the resources it is configured to access. However, `workerd` on its own does not contain suitable defense-in-depth against the possibility of implementation bugs. When using `workerd` to run possibly-malicious code, you must run it inside an appropriate secure sandbox, such as a virtual machine. The Cloudflare Workers hosting service in particular [uses many additional layers of defense-in-depth](https://blog.cloudflare.com/mitigating-spectre-and-other-security-threats-the-cloudflare-workers-security-model/). With that said, if you discover a bug that allows malicious code to break out of `workerd`, please submit it to [Cloudflare's bug bounty program](https://hackerone.com/cloudflare?type=team) for a reward. ## Getting Started ### Supported Platforms In theory, `workerd` should work on any POSIX system that is supported by V8 and Windows. In practice, `workerd` is tested on: * Linux and macOS (x86-64 and arm64 architectures) * Windows (x86-64 architecture) On other platforms, you may have to do tinkering to make things work. ### Building `workerd` To build `workerd`, you need: * Bazel * If you use [Bazelisk](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk) (recommended), it will automatically download and use the right version of Bazel for building workerd. * On Linux, nothing else: the build downloads its own LLVM toolchain (clang, lld and libc++) and a Debian sysroot (see `build/deps/llvm.MODULE.bazel`), and uses no compiler or libraries from the host. * On macOS: * Xcode 26.6 installation (available on macOS 26 and higher). Building with just the Xcode Command Line Tools is not being tested, but should work too. * On Windows: * Install [App Installer](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/winget/#install-winget) from the Microsoft Store for the `winget` package manager and then run [install-deps.bat](tools/windows/install-deps.bat) from an administrator prompt to install bazelisk, LLVM, and other dependencies required to build workerd on Windows. * Add `startup --output_user_root=C:/tmp` to the `.bazelrc` file in your user directory. * When developing at the command-line, run [bazel-env.bat](tools/windows/bazel-env.bat) in your shell first to select tools and Windows SDK versions before running bazel. You may then build `workerd` at the command-line with: ```sh bazel build //src/workerd/server:workerd ``` You can pass `--config=release` to compile in release mode: ```sh bazel build //src/workerd/server:workerd --config=release ``` You can also build from within Visual Studio Code using the instructions in [docs/vscode.md](docs/vscode.md). The compiled binary will be located at `bazel-bin/src/workerd/server/workerd`. If you run a Bazel build before you've installed some dependencies (like Xcode), and then you install the dependencies, you must resync locally cached toolchains, or clean Bazel's cache, otherwise you might get strange errors: ```sh bazel fetch --configure --force ``` If that fails, you can try: ```sh bazel clean --expunge ``` The cache will now be cleaned and you can try building again. If you have a fairly recent clang packages installed you can build a more performant release version of workerd: ```sh bazel build --config=thin-lto //src/workerd/server:workerd ``` ### Configuring `workerd` `workerd` is configured using a config file written in Cap'n Proto text format. For simple projects, `workerd serve wrangler.jsonc` also accepts a Wrangler config. `main` is bundled with esbuild, as Wrangler does. The supported fields are `name`, `main`, `compatibility_date`, `compatibility_flags`, `vars`, `durable_objects`, `exports`, `migrations`, `no_bundle` and `$schema`; any other field is an error. A simple "Hello World!" config file might look like: ```capnp using Workerd = import "/workerd/workerd.capnp"; const config :Workerd.Config = ( services = [ (name = "main", worker = .mainWorker), ], sockets = [ # Serve HTTP on port 8080. ( name = "http", address = "*:8080", http = (), service = "main" ), ] ); const mainWorker :Workerd.Worker = ( serviceWorkerScript = embed "hello.js", compatibilityDate = "2023-02-28", # Learn more about compatibility dates at: # https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/compatibility-dates/ ); ``` Where `hello.js` contains: ```javascript addEventListener("fetch", event => { event.respondWith(new Response("Hello World")); }); ``` [Complete reference documentation is provided by the comments in workerd.capnp.](src/workerd/server/workerd.capnp) [There is also a library of sample config files.](samples) ### Running `workerd` To serve your config, do: `workerd serve my-config.capnp` For more details about command-line usage, use `workerd --help`. Prebuilt binaries are distributed via `npm`. Run `npx workerd ...` to use these. If you're running a prebuilt binary, you'll need to make sure your system has the right dependencies installed: * On Linux: * glibc 2.35 or higher (already included on e.g. Ubuntu 22.04, Debian Bookworm) * On macOS: * macOS 13.5 or higher * The Xcode command line tools, which can be installed with `xcode-select --install` * x86_64 CPU with at least SSE4.2 and CLMUL ISA extensions, or arm64 CPU with CRC extension (enabled by default under armv8.1-a). These extensions are supported by all recent x86 and arm64 CPUs. ### Local Worker development with `wrangler` You can use [Wrangler](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/wrangler/) (v3.0 or greater) to develop Cloudflare Workers locally, using `workerd`. First, run the following command to configure Miniflare to use this build of `workerd`. ``` export MINIFLARE_WORKERD_PATH="<WORKERD_REPO_DIR>/bazel-bin/src/workerd/server/workerd" ``` Then, run: `wrangler dev` ### Serving in production `workerd` is designed to be unopinionated about how it runs. One good way to manage `workerd` in production is using `systemd`. Particularly useful is `systemd`'s ability to open privileged sockets on `workerd`'s behalf while running the service itself under an unprivileged user account. To help with this, `workerd` supports inheriting sockets from the parent process using the `--socket-fd` flag. Here's an example system service file, assuming your config defines two sockets named `http` and `https`: ```sh # /etc/systemd/system/workerd.service [Unit] Description=workerd runtime After=local-fs.target remote-fs.target network-online.target Requires=local-fs.target remote-fs.target workerd.socket Wants=network-online.target [Service] Type=exec ExecStart=/usr/bin/workerd serve /etc/workerd/config.capnp --socket-fd http=3 --socket-fd https=4 Sockets=workerd.socket # If workerd crashes, restart it. Restart=always # Run under an unprivileged user account. User=nobody Group=nogroup # Hardening measure: Do not allow workerd to run suid-root programs. NoNewPrivileges=true [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ``` And corresponding sockets file: ```sh # /etc/systemd/system/workerd.socket [Unit] Description=sockets for workerd PartOf=workerd.service [Socket] ListenStream=0.0.0.0:80 ListenStream=0.0.0.0:443 [Install] WantedBy=sockets.target ``` Once these files are in place you can enable the service -- see the systemd documentation or ask your favorite LLM for details.

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