For a person with confirmed islet autoantibodies (early-stage type 1 diabetes), state the numerical progression risk to Stage 3 T1D by stage and age, set the age-stratified monitoring frequency (metabolic and HbA1c), apply the ≥10% longitudinal HbA1c rise →…
Order and confirm islet autoantibody screening for early-stage type 1 diabetes — which antibodies to test (GAD65, IAA, IA2, ZnT8), sample types (capillary dried blood spot, venous), the mandatory two-sample two-method confirmation protocol, and how to…
Classify a person with a positive islet autoantibody screen into a specific stage of type 1 diabetes (At Risk / Stage 1 / Stage 2a / Stage 2b / Stage 3a / Stage 3b / Stage 4) using the international consensus staging framework based on autoantibody count and…
Decide whether a person with confirmed early-stage type 1 diabetes qualifies for teplizumab (Tzield) — the anti-CD3 disease-modifying antibody that delays progression from Stage 2 to Stage 3 T1D — and outline the 14-day intravenous course, expected benefit,…
Distinguishes BPPV from its key mimics at the bedside — postural hypotension, vestibular paroxysmia, vestibular migraine, central positional vertigo, and chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction — using history, trigger patterns, nystagmus characteristics,…
Screens any dizzy patient for features that mandate urgent neuroimaging or neurology referral — distinguishing benign peripheral dizziness from a central or life-threatening cause. Use when a patient presents with dizziness and you want to quickly rule out…
Classifies a patient's dizziness into one of four categories — vestibular/vertigo, presyncope, disequilibrium, or nonspecific — using history, timing, triggers, and associated symptoms. Use when a patient presents with dizziness, giddiness, lightheadedness,…
Differentiates peripheral from central causes of vestibular dizziness using nystagmus characteristics, Dix-Hallpike findings, hearing loss, and brainstem signs. Use after vestibular dizziness is confirmed and you need to decide whether this is a benign…