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| name | backend-patterns |
| description | Backend architecture patterns, API design, database optimization, and server-side best practices for Node.js, Express, and Next.js API routes. |
Backend Development Patterns
Backend architecture patterns and best practices for scalable server-side applications.
API Design Patterns
RESTful API Structure
GET /api/markets # List resources
GET /api/markets/:id # Get single resource
POST /api/markets # Create resource
PUT /api/markets/:id # Replace resource
PATCH /api/markets/:id # Update resource
DELETE /api/markets/:id # Delete resource
GET /api/markets?status=active&sort=volume&limit=20&offset=0
Repository Pattern
interface MarketRepository {
findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): <[]>
(: ): < | >
(: ): <>
(: , : ): <>
(: ): <>
}
{
(?: ): <[]> {
query = supabase.().()
(filters?.) {
query = query.(, filters.)
}
(filters?.) {
query = query.(filters.)
}
{ data, error } = query
(error) (error.)
data
}
}
Promise
Market
findById
id
string
Promise
Market
null
create
data
CreateMarketDto
Promise
Market
update
id
string
data
UpdateMarketDto
Promise
Market
delete
id
string
Promise
void
class
SupabaseMarketRepository
implements
MarketRepository
async
findAll
filters
MarketFilters
Promise
Market
let
from
'markets'
select
'*'
if
status
eq
'status'
status
if
limit
limit
limit
const
await
if
throw
new
Error
message
return
Service Layer Pattern
class MarketService {
constructor(private marketRepo: MarketRepository) {}
async searchMarkets(query: string, limit: number = 10): Promise<Market[]> {
const embedding = await generateEmbedding(query)
const results = await this.vectorSearch(embedding, limit)
const markets = await this.marketRepo.findByIds(results.map(r => r.id))
return markets.sort((a, b) => {
const scoreA = results.find(r => r.id === a.id)?.score || 0
const scoreB = results.find(r => r.id === b.id)?.score || 0
return scoreA - scoreB
})
}
private async vectorSearch(embedding: number[], limit: number) {
}
}
Middleware Pattern
export function withAuth(handler: NextApiHandler): NextApiHandler {
return async (req, res) => {
const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '')
if (!token) {
return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized' })
}
try {
const user = await verifyToken(token)
req.user = user
return handler(req, res)
} catch (error) {
return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' })
}
}
}
export default withAuth(async (req, res) => {
})
Database Patterns
Query Optimization
const { data } = await supabase
.from('markets')
.select('id, name, status, volume')
.eq('status', 'active')
.order('volume', { ascending: false })
.limit(10)
const { data } = await supabase
.from('markets')
.select('*')
N+1 Query Prevention
const markets = await getMarkets()
for (const market of markets) {
market.creator = await getUser(market.creator_id)
}
const markets = await getMarkets()
const creatorIds = markets.map(m => m.creator_id)
const creators = await getUsers(creatorIds)
const creatorMap = new Map(creators.map(c => [c.id, c]))
markets.forEach(market => {
market.creator = creatorMap.get(market.creator_id)
})
Transaction Pattern
async function createMarketWithPosition(
marketData: CreateMarketDto,
positionData: CreatePositionDto
) {
const { data, error } = await supabase.rpc('create_market_with_position', {
market_data: marketData,
position_data: positionData
})
if (error) throw new Error('Transaction failed')
return data
}
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_market_with_position(
market_data jsonb,
position_data jsonb
)
RETURNS jsonb
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
-- Start transaction automatically
INSERT INTO markets VALUES (market_data);
INSERT INTO positions VALUES (position_data);
RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', true);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
-- Rollback happens automatically
RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', false, 'error', SQLERRM);
END;
$$;
Caching Strategies
Redis Caching Layer
class CachedMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
constructor(
private baseRepo: MarketRepository,
private redis: RedisClient
) {}
async findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null> {
const cached = await this.redis.get(`market:${id}`)
if (cached) {
return JSON.parse(cached)
}
const market = await this.baseRepo.findById(id)
if (market) {
await this.redis.setex(`market:${id}`, 300, JSON.stringify(market))
}
return market
}
async invalidateCache(id: string): Promise<void> {
await this.redis.del(`market:${id}`)
}
}
Cache-Aside Pattern
async function getMarketWithCache(id: string): Promise<Market> {
const cacheKey = `market:${id}`
const cached = await redis.get(cacheKey)
if (cached) return JSON.parse(cached)
const market = await db.markets.findUnique({ where: { id } })
if (!market) throw new Error('Market not found')
await redis.setex(cacheKey, 300, JSON.stringify(market))
return market
}
Error Handling Patterns
Centralized Error Handler
class ApiError extends Error {
constructor(
public statusCode: number,
public message: string,
public isOperational = true
) {
super(message)
Object.setPrototypeOf(this, ApiError.prototype)
}
}
export function errorHandler(error: unknown, req: Request): Response {
if (error instanceof ApiError) {
return NextResponse.json({
success: false,
error: error.message
}, { status: error.statusCode })
}
if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
return NextResponse.json({
success: false,
error: 'Validation failed',
details: error.errors
}, { status: 400 })
}
console.error('Unexpected error:', error)
return NextResponse.json({
success: false,
error: 'Internal server error'
}, { status: 500 })
}
export async function GET(request: Request) {
try {
const data = await fetchData()
return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
} catch (error) {
return errorHandler(error, request)
}
}
Retry with Exponential Backoff
async function fetchWithRetry<T>(
fn: () => Promise<T>,
maxRetries = 3
): Promise<T> {
let lastError: Error
for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
try {
return await fn()
} catch (error) {
lastError = error as Error
if (i < maxRetries - 1) {
const delay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay))
}
}
}
throw lastError!
}
const data = await fetchWithRetry(() => fetchFromAPI())
Authentication & Authorization
JWT Token Validation
import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken'
interface JWTPayload {
userId: string
email: string
role: 'admin' | 'user'
}
export function verifyToken(token: string): JWTPayload {
try {
const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!) as JWTPayload
return payload
} catch (error) {
throw new ApiError(401, 'Invalid token')
}
}
export async function requireAuth(request: Request) {
const token = request.headers.get('authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '')
if (!token) {
throw new ApiError(401, 'Missing authorization token')
}
return verifyToken(token)
}
export async function GET(request: Request) {
const user = await requireAuth(request)
const data = await getDataForUser(user.userId)
return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
}
Role-Based Access Control
type Permission = 'read' | 'write' | 'delete' | 'admin'
interface User {
id: string
role: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user'
}
const rolePermissions: Record<User['role'], Permission[]> = {
admin: ['read', 'write', 'delete', 'admin'],
moderator: ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
user: ['read', 'write']
}
export function hasPermission(user: User, permission: Permission): boolean {
return rolePermissions[user.role].includes(permission)
}
export function requirePermission(permission: Permission) {
return (handler: (request: Request, user: User) => Promise<Response>) => {
return async (request: Request) => {
const user = await requireAuth(request)
if (!hasPermission(user, permission)) {
throw new ApiError(403, 'Insufficient permissions')
}
return handler(request, user)
}
}
}
export const DELETE = requirePermission('delete')(
async (request: Request, user: User) => {
return new Response('Deleted', { status: 200 })
}
)
Rate Limiting
Simple In-Memory Rate Limiter
class RateLimiter {
private requests = new Map<string, number[]>()
async checkLimit(
identifier: string,
maxRequests: number,
windowMs: number
): Promise<boolean> {
const now = Date.now()
const requests = this.requests.get(identifier) || []
const recentRequests = requests.filter(time => now - time < windowMs)
if (recentRequests.length >= maxRequests) {
return false
}
recentRequests.push(now)
this.requests.set(identifier, recentRequests)
return true
}
}
const limiter = new RateLimiter()
export async function GET(request: Request) {
const ip = request.headers.get('x-forwarded-for') || 'unknown'
const allowed = await limiter.checkLimit(ip, 100, 60000)
if (!allowed) {
return NextResponse.json({
error: 'Rate limit exceeded'
}, { status: 429 })
}
}
Background Jobs & Queues
Simple Queue Pattern
class JobQueue<T> {
private queue: T[] = []
private processing = false
async add(job: T): Promise<void> {
this.queue.push(job)
if (!this.processing) {
this.process()
}
}
private async process(): Promise<void> {
this.processing = true
while (this.queue.length > 0) {
const job = this.queue.shift()!
try {
await this.execute(job)
} catch (error) {
console.error('Job failed:', error)
}
}
this.processing = false
}
private async execute(job: T): Promise<void> {
}
}
interface IndexJob {
marketId: string
}
const indexQueue = new JobQueue<IndexJob>()
export async function POST(request: Request) {
const { marketId } = await request.json()
await indexQueue.add({ marketId })
return NextResponse.json({ success: true, message: 'Job queued' })
}
Logging & Monitoring
Structured Logging
interface LogContext {
userId?: string
requestId?: string
method?: string
path?: string
[key: string]: unknown
}
class Logger {
log(level: 'info' | 'warn' | 'error', message: string, context?: LogContext) {
const entry = {
timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
level,
message,
...context
}
console.log(JSON.stringify(entry))
}
info(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
this.log('info', message, context)
}
warn(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
this.log('warn', message, context)
}
error(message: string, error: Error, context?: LogContext) {
this.log('error', message, {
...context,
error: error.message,
stack: error.stack
})
}
}
const logger = new Logger()
export async function GET(request: Request) {
const requestId = crypto.randomUUID()
logger.info('Fetching markets', {
requestId,
method: 'GET',
path: '/api/markets'
})
try {
const markets = await fetchMarkets()
return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets })
} catch (error) {
logger.error('Failed to fetch markets', error as Error, { requestId })
return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Internal error' }, { status: 500 })
}
}
Remember: Backend patterns enable scalable, maintainable server-side applications. Choose patterns that fit your complexity level.
