| name | maplibre-tile-sources |
| description | How to choose and configure data sources for MapLibre GL JS — rendering your own data without tiles, hosted tile services, serverless PMTiles, self-hosted tile servers, tile schemas, glyphs, and sprites. |
MapLibre Tile Sources
MapLibre GL JS does not ship with map data. You provide a style that references sources — URLs or inline data that MapLibre fetches and renders. MapLibre works equally well for a store locator with 200 addresses, a city transit map, and a global basemap — the right source type depends on geographic scale and level of detail, update frequency, infrastructure constraints, and use case.
When to Use This Skill
- Setting up a new MapLibre map and choosing where your data comes from
- Deciding between GeoJSON, serverless tiles, hosted services, a combination thereof, or self-hosted options
- Configuring glyphs (fonts) and sprites so labels and icons render
- Debugging blank maps or missing tiles
- Migrating from Mapbox and need equivalent tile sources and style setup
How styles and sources work
A style (a style JSON, style document, or style object) is the configuration you pass to MapLibre. It contains the specific rendering rules governed by the MapLibre Style Specification, maintained with parity for MapLibre GL JS and MapLibre Native.
You can use a style URL from a provider — that URL references a style with sources, layers, glyphs, and sprite. Or you can build your own style and configure each yourself.
A style has three main components:
- Sources — Point to the actual data. Each source has a
type and either inline data or a URL. MapLibre requests tiles or data as the viewport changes. The same source can back many layers (e.g. roads, water, and labels all from one vector URL).
- Layers — An ordered list defining what to draw and how. Each layer references a source (and for vector tiles, a
source-layer name) and specifies paint/layout properties.
- Glyphs and sprite — Required for text and icons: URLs to font SDF stacks and icon spritesheets. Without them, labels and symbols won't appear.
Source types:
| Type | Description |
|---|
vector | Vector tiles — binary-encoded geometry and attributes; the primary format for basemaps and data overlays |
raster | Raster tile imagery — satellite photos, WMS/WMTS layers |
raster-dem | Elevation tiles — for terrain rendering and hillshading |
geojson | GeoJSON data — inline object or URL; no tile server needed |
image | A single georeferenced image — scanned maps, annotated overlays |
video | Georeferenced video |
vector and raster are the most common for basemaps and data overlays. geojson is ideal for small datasets or interactive data that doesn't need tiling. raster-dem is used for terrain and hillshade effects, as well as emerging use cases in scientific visualization. image and video sources are the least common, but let you georeference static images (such as a scanned map, chart, or overlay) or georeferenced videos as map layers.
GeoJSON and Direct Data Sources
For many use cases you don't need a tile service. MapLibre can render points, lines, or polygons directly from an inline GeoJSON object or a URL to a GeoJSON file. The entire dataset is downloaded and parsed in the browser; MapLibre handles rendering client-side.
map.addSource('my-data', {
type: 'geojson',
data: '/path/to/data.geojson'
});
map.addLayer({
id: 'my-layer',
type: 'fill',
source: 'my-data',
paint: { 'fill-color': '#0080ff', 'fill-opacity': 0.5 }
});
GeoJSON performance thresholds
GeoJSON downloads the entire file on every load. This works well at small scale and degrades predictably:
| Range | File size / feature count | Behavior |
|---|
| Sweet spot | < 2 MB / < 5,000 features | Instantaneous loading, smooth interaction |
| Lag zone | 5–20 MB / up to ~50,000 features | 1–3s parse delay; mobile may struggle; optimize by simplifying geometries and reducing coordinate precision |
| Crash zone | > 50 MB / > 100,000 features | High risk of browser freeze or crash; switch to vector tiles |
GeoJSON is lossless (exact coordinates preserved) and gives you full client-side access to feature properties — ideal for interactive data, dynamic updates, and datasets where you need to query or modify features without a server round-trip.
If your dataset exceeds these thresholds, or if you need zoom-dependent rendering (less detail at lower zoom levels), consider vector tiles instead.
Other formats and the cloud-native ecosystem
The choice of data source is shaped by more than performance: data type, update frequency, access patterns, and the broader geospatial ecosystem all factor in. Many formats (FlatGeobuf, GeoParquet, Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF, KML, GPX, and more) can be displayed in MapLibre via plugins and custom protocols. The cloud-native geospatial ecosystem — formats designed for HTTP range requests and distributed storage — is evolving rapidly and increasingly relevant for web maps. A separate skill will cover this in depth; for now, see the Map Rendering Plugins and Utility Libraries sections of awesome-maplibre.
When You Need Tiles
Vector tiles load only the data visible in the current viewport, in a compact binary format. Use them when:
- Your dataset exceeds GeoJSON's practical limits
- You need zoom-dependent rendering (different levels of detail at different zoom levels)
- You need global or regional reference layers, such as land and water, roads, place names, etc. (i.e., basemap data)
- Bandwidth efficiency matters at scale
Vector tiles vs. raster tiles
When you need tiles, you'll choose between two tile types:
Vector tiles encode geometry and feature attributes as compact binary data (Mapbox Vector Tile format, or the newer MapLibre Tile / MLT). MapLibre renders and styles them client-side:
- Styles can be changed without regenerating tiles
- Features are queryable (click, hover interactions)
- Text renders crisply at any zoom or screen density
- Significantly smaller file sizes than equivalent raster tiles
Raster tiles are pre-rendered images (PNG, JPEG, or WebP) at each zoom level, displayed by MapLibre as-is:
- No client-side styling or feature querying
- Larger file sizes, but simpler to generate and serve
- Good fit for satellite/aerial imagery, WMS/WMTS integration, or rendered styles that don't need client-side customization
Most MapLibre workflows use vector tiles; increasing numbers are integrating raster-dem sources e.g. for terrain rendering. Use raster tiles when you need satellite/aerial imagery, when integrating with existing WMS or WMTS services, or when you need a pre-rendered cartographic style.
Using MapLibre with Leaflet
Leaflet is a widely used JavaScript mapping library that supports only raster tiles. If your app is built on Leaflet, MapLibre GL Leaflet lets you pre-render a MapLibre GL compatible style as a raster layer — allowing you to use hosted vector tile sources in your Leaflet app.
Combining source types
A MapLibre style can have any number of sources of any types simultaneously. Layers from different sources are composited in draw order. This makes it natural to mix sources for different purposes.
Sources can be composited in a custom style sheet or at run-time. Be aware that layer order matters: layers are drawn bottom-to-top in the order they appear in the style. A raster layer added after vector layers will obscure them.
- Vector basemap + GeoJSON overlay — the most common pattern. Use a provider's style URL (or any vector tile source) as your basemap and add your own data on top with
map.addSource() and map.addLayer(). To keep labels readable, insert your layer before the first symbol layer rather than appending to the top of the stack.
map.on('load', () => {
const firstSymbolId = map.getStyle().layers.find((l) => l.type === 'symbol')?.id;
map.addSource('my-data', { type: 'geojson', data: '/path/to/data.geojson' });
map.addLayer(
{ id: 'my-layer', type: 'circle', source: 'my-data' },
firstSymbolId
);
});
- Raster imagery + vector labels — add a raster source for satellite imagery, weather radar, historical imagery, heatmaps rendered server-side, or any imagery that isn't available as vector data. Add a vector source for roads, place names and other labels. This gives crisp imagery with crisp, resolution-independent vector geometries and labels on top.
- Vector basemap + raster-dem terrain — add hillshading or 3D terrain to any vector basemap using a
raster-dem source (elevation tiles). This is how MapLibre renders terrain and hillshade without a separate basemap style.
When to choose each approach
Most real-world apps combine source types — a hosted basemap for the reference layer and your own data as a separate source. You rarely need to build a custom tile pipeline just for your data.
| Scenario | Recommended source setup |
|---|
| < ~5,000 features, need click/hover interaction or live updates | GeoJSON — no tile server needed |
| 5,000–100,000 features | GeoJSON if you can simplify and accept 1–3s load delay; otherwise vector tiles |
| > 100,000 features or > 50 MB | Vector tiles — generate with tippecanoe or Planetiler |
| Street, terrain, or place basemap | Hosted tile service (OpenFreeMap, MapTiler) or self-hosted (Martin) |
| Your own data over any basemap | Hosted basemap style URL + your data as a separate GeoJSON or vector tile source |
| Satellite/aerial imagery + labels | Raster tile source for imagery + vector source for roads and labels |
The key distinction: the basemap and your data are almost always separate sources, even if both are vector tiles. The basemap provides context; your sources provide your application's data. Mixing them into a single custom tile source is rarely the right approach unless you are building a self-hosted map with full control of the tile pipeline.
Hosting Tile Sources
"Hosting" tile data can mean two different things:
- Storing files on the web — A
.pmtiles archive (or pre-generated tile directory) lives on static storage like S3, R2, or GitHub Pages. No server process runs; MapLibre fetches tiles over HTTP using range requests or standard HTTP. Updates require regenerating and re-uploading the file.
- Running a tile server — A server process handles tile requests dynamically, often from a database (PostGIS) or source file (MBTiles, PMTiles). Supports live data and on-the-fly generation, but requires deployment and ongoing maintenance.
The three options below map to these two approaches: PMTiles is file-based and serverless; hosted tile services run tile server infrastructure on your behalf; self-hosted means you run your own server.
Serverless (PMTiles)
PMTiles is an open single-file tile format that supports vector or raster tiles — MapLibre fetches only the byte ranges it needs via HTTP range requests, with no tile server. Extract only the geographic scale you need, and host a .pmtiles file on static storage (S3, R2, GitHub Pages).
See maplibre-pmtiles-patterns for setup.
Hosted tile services
Many providers offer hosted vector or raster tiles and pre-built style and tile URLs — no server to run. See Map/Tile Providers in awesome-maplibre for a full list.
For a no-key starting point, OpenFreeMap provides free hosted OpenStreetMap tiles with MapLibre-ready styles (https://tiles.openfreemap.org/styles/liberty or /positron). It is community-funded — if your app depends on it in production, consider donating or self-hosting to reduce load on shared infrastructure.
Do not use tile.openstreetmap.org in production or for anything beyond very limited testing. The OpenStreetMap Foundation prohibits bulk and high-traffic use of their tile server; violating this blocks your IP. Use a hosted provider or self-host instead. See switch2osm.org/providers for a current provider list.
- ✅ Global CDN; pre-built styles available
- ✅ Handles global to local scale
- ⚠️ Custom style layer definitions must match the schema of the hosted tile source
- ⚠️ Vendor dependency
- ⚠️ API keys required by most; check license, usage limits and pricing
- ⚠️ Attribution required for OpenStreetMap-based tiles — at the same visual prominence as any other credit. OpenStreetMap data is licensed under the ODbL; if you create an adapted database from OSM data, the share-alike clause requires you to release it under ODbL as well. Community-funded free services have usage policies; respect them, and give back through self-hosting or donations when your usage grows
Store API keys in environment variables; never commit to source control.
Self-hosted tile server
Run your own server for full control over data, cost, and deployment. See Tile Servers in awesome-maplibre for options, including the MapLibre-maintained 💙 Martin. Use an existing tile schema or generate custom tiles with Planetiler or tippecanoe.
- ✅ Full control; no per-request cost at scale
- ✅ Can serve dynamic data and convert to tiles on the fly
- ✅ Supports air-gapped deployments
- ⚠️ Data to process, and infrastructure to deploy and maintain. A global OpenStreetMap dataset requires approximately 1 TB of storage and 24 GB of RAM; a city-scale extract needs 10–20 GB of storage and 4 GB of RAM. See switch2osm.org for current hardware guidance.
- ⚠️ You must configure CORS and supply glyphs and sprite in your style
Custom styles
A custom style is one you write yourself, rather than using a provider's pre-built style URL. Custom styles can reference either hosted or self-hosted tile sources — and in practice, the most common pattern is both:
- Hosted tile sources — Your style JSON points to a provider's tile URL. You control visual appearance while relying on the provider for tile delivery. Your layer definitions must match the provider's tile schema, and you typically reuse their glyphs and sprite.
- Self-hosted tile sources — Your style JSON points to your own tile server or PMTiles file. You control both style and data, but must supply glyphs and sprite yourself (or reuse publicly available ones that match your tile schema).
The most common real-world pattern is a hybrid: a custom style that references a hosted provider's basemap tiles — and often reuses their glyphs and sprite — while adding self-hosted tile sources or GeoJSON overlays for your own data. This gives you full control over your data layers without building basemap tile infrastructure from scratch.
Pre-Defined Tile Schemas
When building a custom style (rather than using a provider's pre-built style URL), you need to know the tile schema — the source-layer names and their properties. Your style's layer definitions must match the schema of your tile source.
Common schemas:
- OpenMapTiles — the most widely adopted schema, based on OpenStreetMap data. Rich and detailed, with source-layers like
transportation, water, landuse, poi. The largest ecosystem of community styles targets this schema.
- Shortbread — an open standard designed to be minimal and interoperable, not tied to any single vendor. Simpler structure than OpenMapTiles; a clean foundation if you're building styles from scratch.
- Protomaps — purpose-built for the Protomaps PMTiles basemap ecosystem. Flat, simple structure with source-layers like
land, water, roads, places; optimized for serverless delivery.
If you use a provider's pre-built style URL, the schema is already matched.
Glyphs (Fonts) and Sprites
Every MapLibre style that shows text or icons needs:
- glyphs: URL template for font stacks —
"glyphs": "https://example.com/fonts/{fontstack}/{range}.pbf"
- sprite: Base URL for sprite sheet and metadata (serves both
.json and .png) — "sprite": "https://example.com/sprites/basic"
Pre-built style URLs from hosted providers include their own glyphs and sprite. When building a custom style or self-hosting, you must supply these URLs.
If you are modifying a style based on a pre-defined tile schema, look for an existing style that matches that schema and reuse the glyphs and sprites. Pay attention to licensing and attribution requirements when reusing assets. If needed you can host the same glyphs and sprites yourself by downloading the files and serving them from your own storage or tile server.
The alternative is to generate your own glyphs and sprite sheets. See Font Glyph Generation and Sprite Generation in awesome-maplibre for tools to generate your own.
TileJSON
TileJSON is a standard JSON format for describing a tileset — its tile URL template, zoom range, bounds, center, attribution, and (for vector tiles) the available source-layers. Tile servers and providers expose TileJSON endpoints; MapLibre can consume them directly.
Referencing tiles in a source
Tiles are addressed by zoom (Z), column (X), and row (Y) — a universal scheme across raster and vector tile sources (see the OpenStreetMap wiki for more information). In a MapLibre source, you reference tiles either directly via a tiles URL template or via a url pointing to a TileJSON endpoint.
When a TileJSON endpoint is available, prefer url: MapLibre fetches the document and reads the tile URL template, zoom range, bounds, attribution, and (for vector tiles) the available source-layers automatically. Tile servers like Martin and tileserver-gl generate TileJSON endpoints for every tileset they serve, as do many hosted providers.
When no TileJSON endpoint exists — for example, a raw raster tile service that gives you a URL template directly — use the tiles array and specify any metadata (minzoom, maxzoom, attribution) in the source definition yourself.
tiles array:
{
"type": "vector",
"tiles": ["https://example.com/tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf"],
"minzoom": 0,
"maxzoom": 14
}
url to TileJSON endpoint:
{
"type": "vector",
"url": "https://example.com/tiles.json"
}
TileJSON and custom styles
For vector sources, the TileJSON vector_layers field lists each available source-layer, its attribute fields, and its zoom range. This is the authoritative reference when building a custom style: your layer definitions must reference source-layer names exactly as they appear here.
When generating tiles with Planetiler or tippecanoe, the output embeds TileJSON metadata in the MBTiles or PMTiles file. Tile servers like Martin read this metadata and expose it as a TileJSON endpoint automatically.
CORS
If your tiles, glyphs, or sprites are on a different origin, the server must send CORS headers (Access-Control-Allow-Origin). Otherwise the browser blocks requests and the map will be blank or missing labels.
Hosted providers handle CORS for you. For self-hosted servers or static storage, configure CORS on the server or CDN.
Related Skills
- maplibre-pmtiles-patterns — Serverless PMTiles hosting and MapLibre integration.
- maplibre-style-patterns — Layer and source configuration for common use cases. (Not yet in repo.)
- maplibre-mapbox-migration — Replacing Mapbox tiles with MapLibre-compatible sources.
References
- GeoJSON performance thresholds (file size / feature count ranges) — community rules of thumb aggregated from Stack Overflow, Reddit, Medium, and Cesium Community Forum discussions. ⚑ not authoritative or canonical
- PMTiles format and HTTP range request protocol — docs.protomaps.com/pmtiles/
- Protomaps (pre-built PMTiles basemaps) — protomaps.com
- Planetiler (generate vector tiles from OSM) — GitHub
- tippecanoe (generate vector tiles from GeoJSON) — github.com/felt/tippecanoe
- Martin tile server — maplibre.org/martin/
- MapLibre Tile (MLT) specification — maplibre.org/maplibre-tile-spec/
- OpenMapTiles schema — OpenMapTiles.org
- Shortbread tile schema — shortbread-tiles.org
- Leaflet — leaflet.js
- MapLibre GL Leaflet — github.com/maplibre/maplibre-gl-leaflet
- Cloud-native geospatial formats: FlatGeobuf (flatgeobuf.org), GeoParquet (GeoParquet), Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF (COG website)
- awesome-maplibre — github.com/maplibre/awesome-maplibre
- switch2osm.org — Community guide to switching from Google Maps to OSM-based tile hosting, including provider list, self-hosting stack, hardware requirements, and ODbL licensing guidance — switch2osm.org
