agent-desktop

name	agent-desktop
version	0.4.0
tags	computer-use, desktop-automation, accessibility, ai-agent, gui-automation, cli
requirements	["agent-desktop"]
description	Reliable computer use via native OS accessibility trees. Use when an AI agent needs to see and operate desktop applications (click buttons, fill forms, navigate menus, read UI state, toggle checkboxes, scroll, drag, type text, take screenshots, manage windows, use clipboard, manage notifications). Covers 59 command names (55 operational; four held-input names fail closed until daemon ownership exists) across observation, interaction, keyboard/mouse, app lifecycle, notifications (macOS), clipboard, wait, session lifecycle, and a `skills` command that bundles docs straight from the binary. Triggers on: "click button", "fill form", "open app", "read UI", "computer use", "operate desktop", "accessibility tree", "snapshot app", "type into field", "navigate menu", "toggle checkbox", "take screenshot", "desktop automation", "agent-desktop", or any desktop GUI interaction task. Supports the macOS Phase 1 adapter, with Windows and Linux planned against the same core contracts.

agent-desktop

Computer-use tool that AI agents call to see and operate desktop applications via native OS accessibility trees.

Core principle: agent-desktop is NOT an AI agent. It is a tool that AI agents invoke. It outputs structured JSON with ref-based element identifiers. The observation-action loop lives in the calling agent.

Installation

npm install -g agent-desktop
# or
bun install -g --trust agent-desktop

Requires macOS 12+ with Accessibility permission granted to your terminal. Screen Recording permission is also required for screenshots.

Reference Files

Detailed documentation is split into focused reference files. Read them as needed:

Reference	Contents
references/commands-observation.md	snapshot, find, get, is, screenshot, list-surfaces — all flags, output examples
references/commands-interaction.md	click, type, set-value, select, toggle, scroll, drag, keyboard, mouse — choosing the right command
references/commands-system.md	launch (including --cdp for Chromium web contents), close, windows, clipboard, wait, batch, session, status, permissions, version
references/workflows.md	16 common patterns: forms, menus, dialogs, scroll-find, drag-drop, async wait, anti-patterns
references/macos.md	macOS permissions/TCC, AX API internals, smart activation chain, surfaces, Notification Center, troubleshooting

The Observe-Act Loop (Progressive Skeleton Traversal)

When you know the target's role or exact name, use find --role ... --name ... --exact directly. Otherwise, use progressive skeleton traversal for dense or unfamiliar apps: a shallow overview followed by targeted drill-downs.

1. SKELETON → agent-desktop snapshot --skeleton --app "App" -i --compact
   Parse the overview. Identify the region containing your target.
   Regions show children_count (e.g., "Sidebar" with children_count: 42).
   The nearest safely resolvable container has a ref for drill-down.
   Keep the returned snapshot_id.

2. DRILL    → agent-desktop snapshot --root @e3 --snapshot <snapshot_id> -i --compact
   Expand the target region. Now you see its interactive elements.

3. ACT      → agent-desktop click @e12 --snapshot <snapshot_id>  (or type, select, toggle...)

4. VERIFY   → agent-desktop snapshot --root @e3 --snapshot <snapshot_id> -i --compact
   Re-drill the same region to confirm the state change.
   Scoped invalidation: only @e3's subtree refs are replaced.

5. REPEAT   → Continue drilling other regions or acting as needed.

When to skip skeleton and use full snapshot instead:

• Simple apps with few elements (Finder, Calculator, TextEdit)
• You already know the exact element name — use find instead
• Surface snapshots (menus, sheets, alerts) — these are already focused

When skeleton shines:

• Dense Electron apps (Slack, VS Code, Discord, Notion) that are already running — for one you are launching fresh, launch --cdp plus a CDP client (agent-browser preferred) reads the web contents faster than any skeleton walk (see principle 15)
• Any app where full snapshot exceeds ~50 refs
• Multi-region workflows (sidebar + main content + toolbar)

Ref System

• Refs are assigned depth-first and emitted with their snapshot, for example @s8f3k2p9:e1, @s8f3k2p9:e2, @s8f3k2p9:e3. Legacy bare refs require an explicit --snapshot.
• An element gets a ref when it is addressable for an action: an interactive role (button, textfield, checkbox, link, menuitem, tab, slider, combobox, treeitem, cell, radiobutton, switch, ...) or any element advertising an action — so scrollarea (Scroll) and disclosure (Expand/Collapse) are ref-able and scroll/expand/collapse can target them
• A SetFocus-only affordance does not earn a ref on its own
• In skeleton mode, each truncated branch exposes the deepest safely resolvable drill target using stable text, native ID, or bounds evidence; the nearest resolvable ancestor is used when the boundary itself is anonymous
• Static text and non-actionable groups/containers remain in tree for context but have no ref
• Refs are deterministic within a snapshot but NOT stable across snapshots if UI changed
• Snapshot output uses qualified refs that embed snapshot_id and need no separate --snapshot; a session-owned ref still requires the same --session or AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION scope because lookup never crosses namespaces
• last_refmap.json is only a latest-snapshot inspection artifact. The command path uses snapshot-scoped storage.
• After any action that changes UI, re-drill the affected region or re-snapshot
• Scoped invalidation: re-drilling a qualified root ref only replaces refs from that root's previous drill — refs from other regions and the skeleton itself are preserved
• Strict resolution: stale refs return STALE_REF; duplicate plausible targets return AMBIGUOUS_TARGET instead of choosing arbitrarily.
• Actionability: every ref-addressed action checks its applicable live visibility, stability, enabled, editability, policy, supported-action, and hit-test requirements under one bounded budget before a single dispatch. Pointer actions focus before their final geometry read, re-resolve moving endpoints, and return TIMEOUT with details.kind: "actionability_timeout" instead of sending input after the deadline.
• Headless vs headed: ref actions are strictly headless by default: semantic accessibility APIs only, with no focus stealing, cursor movement, or synthesized keyboard input. In headed mode, core focuses the exact ref window before dispatch; pointer actions also require a verified target point, while the adapter owns OS delivery. On macOS, , , , , and are physical-first; double/triple-click, hover, and drag are physical-only; expand/collapse and other semantic actions remain semantic. Raw input has no window identity and never steals focus. is explicit physical keyboard input; held-input commands (, , , ) are reserved and fail closed in the stateless CLI.

JSON Output Contract

Every command returns a JSON envelope on stdout:

Success: { "version": "2.3", "ok": true, "command": "snapshot", "data": { ... } } Error: { "version": "2.3", "ok": false, "command": "click", "error": { "code": "STALE_REF", "message": "...", "suggestion": "..." } }

The error object may also carry an optional details object (e.g. the actionability report on an actionability failure, candidate summaries on AMBIGUOUS_TARGET, or the last observed state on a wait TIMEOUT). Parse errors leniently — details and future fields are additive, so do not reject responses with unknown keys.

An actionability failure on a hit-test action (click, double-click, right-click, triple-click, hover, drag) can carry a receives_events check with reason: "occluded by <role>" plus a structured occluder: { "role", "name", "bounds" } — another element is on top of the target. Bring the target window/element to the front (or dismiss the occluder) rather than blind-retrying; see references/commands-interaction.md for the full check list.

Exit codes: 0 success, 1 structured error, 2 argument error.

Error Codes

Code	Meaning	Recovery
PERM_DENIED	Accessibility or Screen Recording permission not granted	Grant the named permission in System Settings
ELEMENT_NOT_FOUND	Ref cannot be resolved against the live UI	Re-run snapshot, use fresh ref
APP_NOT_FOUND	App not running	Launch it first
ACTION_FAILED	AX action rejected	Try an explicit alternative command
ACTION_NOT_SUPPORTED	Element can't do this	Use different command
STALE_REF	Ref could not be re-identified in the live UI	Use the snapshot_id returned with this ref; if the UI changed or the target disappeared, re-run snapshot / snapshot --skeleton to get fresh refs
AMBIGUOUS_TARGET	Multiple elements matched the old ref identity	Re-run snapshot and choose a more specific ref
SNAPSHOT_NOT_FOUND	Snapshot ID is missing or expired	Run snapshot again and use the returned ID
POLICY_DENIED	A physical/headed path was blocked	Use an explicit mouse/focus/keyboard command if physical interaction is intended
APP_UNRESPONSIVE	A read-only AX liveness probe also failed after an uncertain mutation response	Inspect with a fresh snapshot and wait for the app to recover before deciding whether to retry
WINDOW_NOT_FOUND	No matching window	Check app name, use list-windows
PLATFORM_NOT_SUPPORTED	Adapter method not implemented on this platform	Use a supported platform adapter
TIMEOUT	Wait or actionability condition not met	Inspect error.details.kind; increase the command budget only after checking the last report, and use AGENT_DESKTOP_CHAIN_TIMEOUT_MS only for

TIMEOUT errors carry a details object whose kind field selects the schema. kind: "wait_timeout" includes predicate, timeout_ms, and last_observed or last_error, plus ref/title/text_chars depending on the wait mode. kind: "chain_deadline" includes value_before, value_at_timeout, target, and mutated (increment waits) or wanted_expanded/observed_expanded (disclosure waits). mutated: true — or an unknown observed_expanded state — means re-read the element before retrying; mutated: false means the state did not change and retrying directly is safe.

Command Quick Reference (59 names, 55 operational)

Observation

agent-desktop snapshot --skeleton --app "App" -i --compact  # Skeleton overview (preferred)
agent-desktop snapshot --root @s8f3k2p9:e3 -i --compact              # Drill into region
agent-desktop snapshot --app "App" -i                       # Full tree (simple apps)
agent-desktop snapshot --app "App" --surface menu -i        # Surface snapshot
agent-desktop screenshot --app "App" out.png                # PNG screenshot
agent-desktop find --app "App" --role button                # Search elements
agent-desktop find --root @s8f3k2p9:e3 --role button        # Search one region only
agent-desktop find --app "App" --surface menubar --name "Save" --first  # Search a menu
agent-desktop get @e1 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --property text       # Read element property
agent-desktop is @e1 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --property enabled     # Check element state
agent-desktop list-surfaces --app "App"                     # Available surfaces

Interaction

agent-desktop click @e5 --snapshot <snapshot_id> # Headless semantic click
agent-desktop --headed double-click @s8f3k2p9:e3 # physical double-click
agent-desktop --headed triple-click @s8f3k2p9:e2 # physical triple-click
agent-desktop right-click @s8f3k2p9:e5          # Right-click; inspect the resulting menu/effect separately
agent-desktop type @e2 --snapshot <snapshot_id> "hello"  # Headless AX text insertion when supported
agent-desktop set-value @s8f3k2p9:e2 "new value"         # Set value directly
agent-desktop clear @s8f3k2p9:e2                         # Clear element value
agent-desktop focus @s8f3k2p9:e2                         # Set keyboard focus
agent-desktop select @s8f3k2p9:e4 "Option B"             # Select dropdown/list option
agent-desktop toggle @s8f3k2p9:e6                        # Toggle checkbox/switch
agent-desktop check @s8f3k2p9:e6                         # Idempotent check
agent-desktop uncheck @s8f3k2p9:e6                       # Idempotent uncheck
agent-desktop expand @s8f3k2p9:e7                        # Expand disclosure
agent-desktop collapse @s8f3k2p9:e7                      # Collapse disclosure
agent-desktop scroll @s8f3k2p9:e1 --direction down       # Scroll element
agent-desktop scroll-to @s8f3k2p9:e8                     # Scroll into view

Keyboard & Mouse

agent-desktop press cmd+c                       # Key combo
agent-desktop press return --app "App"          # Targeted key press
agent-desktop --headed hover @s8f3k2p9:e5       # Explicit cursor movement
agent-desktop --headed hover --xy 500,300       # Cursor to coordinates
agent-desktop --headed drag --from @s8f3k2p9:e1 --to @s8f3k2p9:e5 # Drag between elements
agent-desktop --headed mouse-click --xy 500,300 # Click at coordinates
agent-desktop --headed mouse-move --xy 100,200  # Move cursor

key-down, key-up, mouse-down, and mouse-up return ACTION_NOT_SUPPORTED until a stateful daemon can own held-input lifetime. Use press, mouse-click, or drag instead.

App & Window

agent-desktop launch "System Settings"          # Launch; returns once running
agent-desktop launch "TextEdit" --activate       # Also bring it forward and wait for a window
agent-desktop launch "Obsidian" --cdp            # Fresh launch + verified Chrome DevTools Protocol port for web contents
agent-desktop close-app "TextEdit"              # Quit gracefully
agent-desktop close-app "TextEdit" --force      # Force quit; SIGKILL if SIGTERM does not exit
agent-desktop list-windows --app "Finder"       # List windows
agent-desktop list-apps                         # List running GUI apps
agent-desktop focus-window --app "Finder"       # Bring to front
agent-desktop resize-window --app "App" --width 800 --height 600
agent-desktop move-window --app "App" --x 0 --y 0
agent-desktop minimize --app "App"
agent-desktop maximize --app "App"
agent-desktop restore --app "App"

Use --window-id <id> from list-windows instead of --app when an app has multiple windows.

Notifications

agent-desktop --headed list-notifications                # Open center if needed, then list
agent-desktop --headed list-notifications --app "Slack"  # Filter by app
agent-desktop --headed list-notifications --text "deploy" --limit 5  # Filter by text
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-notification 1 --expected-app Slack --expected-title "Deploy complete"
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-all-notifications         # Dismiss all
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-all-notifications --app "Slack"  # Dismiss all from app
agent-desktop --headed notification-action 1 "Reply" --expected-app Slack --expected-title "Deploy complete"

Every notification mutation requires global --headed; single-notification mutations also require an app or title fingerprint from the same listing. Headless listing works only while Notification Center is already open.

Clipboard

agent-desktop clipboard-get                     # Read clipboard
agent-desktop clipboard-set "text"              # Write to clipboard
agent-desktop clipboard-clear                   # Clear clipboard

Wait

agent-desktop wait 1000                         # Pause 1 second
agent-desktop wait --element @e5 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --timeout 5000 # Wait for element
agent-desktop wait --element @s8f3k2p9:e5 --predicate actionable --timeout 5000 # Wait until actionable
agent-desktop wait --element @s8f3k2p9:e5 --predicate value --value "Done" --timeout 5000 # Wait for value
agent-desktop wait --window "Title"             # Wait for window
agent-desktop wait --text "Done" --app "App"    # Wait for text
agent-desktop wait --menu --app "App"           # Wait for menu surface
agent-desktop wait --menu-closed --app "App"    # Wait for menu dismissal
agent-desktop wait --notification --app "App"   # Wait for new notification

System

agent-desktop session start [--name LABEL] [--screenshots] [--no-trace] [--cursor [--multi-agent]]  # Creates a session; pass the returned ID explicitly
agent-desktop session end [id]                                      # Seal manifest
agent-desktop session list                                          # List session manifests
agent-desktop session gc [--older-than SECS] [--ended]              # Reclaim ended/stale sessions
agent-desktop --session <id> cursor-overlay enable [--multi-agent] [--label TEXT] [--max-words N] [--fill HEX] [--rim HEX] [--accent HEX] [--size N] [--no-ripple] [--no-highlight]
agent-desktop --session <id> --agent-id ID cursor-overlay enable [--label TEXT] [--max-words N] [--fill HEX] [--rim HEX] [--accent HEX] [--size N] [--no-ripple] [--no-highlight]
export AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION=<id>
agent-desktop cursor-overlay disable                                # Stop all cursors in the selected session
agent-desktop trace show [--limit N] [--event PREFIX]               # Merge trace segments (default tail 500; 0 = all)
agent-desktop trace export [--out path.html] [--limit N]            # Self-contained HTML viewer (default tail 5000)
agent-desktop status                            # Health, session_id, tracing, artifacts, permissions
agent-desktop permissions                       # Check permission
agent-desktop permissions --request             # Request missing permissions in an isolated helper
agent-desktop version                           # Version info (always JSON envelope)
agent-desktop batch '[...]' --stop-on-error     # Batch uses the same typed command path as CLI
agent-desktop skills                            # List bundled skill docs
agent-desktop skills get desktop --full         # Load this skill + all references

Key Principles for Agents

1. Find known targets; skeleton unknown structure. If role or exact name is known, use targeted find first. Use --skeleton -i --compact when the region is unknown, then drill with --root @ref. For fresh Chromium launches, prefer launch --cdp plus a CDP client.
2. Use -i --compact flags. Filters to interactive elements and collapses empty wrappers, minimizing tokens.
3. Refs are snapshot-scoped. Keep snapshot_id for deterministic multi-step use; re-drill the affected region after any UI-changing action. Scoped invalidation keeps other refs intact.
4. Prefer refs over coordinates. click @s8f3k2p9:e5 > agent-desktop --headed mouse-click --xy 500,300.
5. Use wait for async UI. After launch/dialog triggers, wait for expected state.
6. Check permissions first. Run permissions on first use; screenshots also need Screen Recording.
7. Handle errors. Branch on error.code only — error.message and error.suggestion text is informational and may change between versions.
8. Scope targeted searches. Pair known names with role and --exact; use --limit 2 before a mutation when uniqueness is not guaranteed. Narrow with --root @ref for one region or --surface menubar for a menu.
9. Use surfaces for overlays. snapshot --surface menu for menus, --surface sheet for dialogs. Never --skeleton for surfaces — they're already focused. Reach one item inside an overlay with find --surface, not a full surface snapshot.
10. Read data.surfaces after acting. An action that opens a sheet, menu, or alert reports it there. Target that overlay next instead of searching windows for what changed.
11. Batch for performance. Multiple commands in one invocation.
12. Headless by default. Ref actions use semantic AX paths and block silent focus stealing, cursor movement, keyboard synthesis, and pasteboard insertion. Use --headed only when exact-window focus or physical delivery is intended; raw coordinates never imply focus.